- 01.10.-m Announcements, news, and organizational activities
- 01.10.Cr Announcements, news, and awards
- 01.10.Fv Conferences, lectures, and institutes
- 01.10.Hx Physics organizational activities
- 01.20.+x Communication forms and techniques (written, oral, electronic, etc.)
- 01.30.-y Physics literature and publications
- 01.30.Bb Publications of lectures (advanced institutes, summer schools, etc.)
- 01.30.Cc Conference proceedings
- 01.30.Ee Monographs and collections
- 01.30.Kj Handbooks, dictionaries, tables, and data compilations
- 01.30.L- Physics laboratory manuals
- 01.30.M- Textbooks
- 01.30.Mm Textbooks for graduates and researchers
- 01.30.Os Books of general interest to physics teachers
- 01.30.Pp Textbooks for undergraduates
- 01.30.Rr Surveys and tutorial papers; resource letters
- 01.30.Tt Bibliographies
- 01.30.Vv Book reviews
- 01.30.Ww Editorials
- 01.30.Xx Publications in electronic media
- 01.30.la Secondary schools
- 01.30.lb Undergraduate schools
- 01.30.mm Textbooks for graduates and researchers
- 01.30.mp Textbooks for undergraduates
- 01.30.mr Textbooks for students in grades 9-12
- 01.30.mt Textbooks for students in grades K-8
- 01.40.-d Education
- 01.40.Di Course design and evaluation
- 01.40.E- Science in school
- 01.40.Ej Science in elementary and secondary school
- 01.40.Fk Research in physics education
- 01.40.G- Curricula and evaluation
- 01.40.Gm Curricula; teaching methods, strategies, theory of testing and evaluation
- 01.40.Ha Learning theory and science teaching
- 01.40.J- Teacher training
- 01.40.Jp Teacher training
- 01.40.eg Elementary school
- 01.40.ek Secondary school
- 01.40.gb Teaching methods and strategies
- 01.40.gf Theory of testing and techniques
- 01.40.jc Preservice training
- 01.40.jh Inservice training
- 01.50.-i Educational aids
- 01.50.F- Audio and visual aids
- 01.50.Fr Audio and visual aids, films
- 01.50.H- Computers in education
- 01.50.Ht Instructional computer use
- 01.50.Kw Techniques of testing
- 01.50.Lc Laboratory computer use
- 01.50.My Demonstration experiments and apparatus
- 01.50.Pa Laboratory experiments and apparatus
- 01.50.Qb Laboratory course design, organization, and evaluation
- 01.50.Rt Physics tournaments and contests
- 01.50.Wg Physics of toys
- 01.50.Zv Errors in physics classroom materials
- 01.50.fd Audio devices
- 01.50.ff Films; electronic video devices
- 01.50.fh Posters, cartoons, art, etc.
- 01.50.ht Instructional computer use
- 01.50.hv Computer software and software reviews
- 01.52.+r National and international laboratory facilities
- 01.55.+b General physics
- 01.60.+q Biographies, tributes, personal notes, and obituaries
- 01.65.+g History of science
- 01.70.+w Philosophy of science
- 01.75.+m Science and society
- 01.78.+p Science and government (funding, politics, etc.)
- 01.80.+b Physics of games and sports
- 01.85.+f Careers in physics and science
- 01.90.+g Other topics of general interest
- 02.10.-v Logic, set theory, and algebra
- 02.10.Ab Logic and set theory
- 02.10.De Algebraic structures and number theory
- 02.10.Hh Rings and algebras
- 02.10.Kn Knot theory
- 02.10.Ox Combinatorics; graph theory
- 02.10.Ud Linear algebra
- 02.10.Xm Multilinear algebra
- 02.10.Yn Matrix theory
- 02.20.-a Group theory
- 02.20.Bb General structures of groups
- 02.20.Hj Classical groups
- 02.20.Qs General properties, structure, and representation of Lie groups
- 02.20.Rt Discrete subgroups of Lie groups
- 02.20.Sv Lie algebras of Lie groups
- 02.20.Tw Infinite-dimensional Lie groups
- 02.20.Uw Quantum groups
- 02.30.-f Function theory, analysis
- 02.30.Cj Measure and integration
- 02.30.Em Potential theory
- 02.30.Fn Several complex variables and analytic spaces
- 02.30.Gp Special functions
- 02.30.Hq Ordinary differential equations
- 02.30.Ik Integrable systems
- 02.30.Jr Partial differential equations
- 02.30.Ks Delay and functional equations
- 02.30.Lt Sequences, series, and summability
- 02.30.Mv Approximations and expansions
- 02.30.Nw Fourier analysis
- 02.30.Oz Bifurcation theory
- 02.30.Px Abstract harmonic analysis
- 02.30.Rz Integral equations
- 02.30.Sa Functional analysis
- 02.30.Tb Operator theory
- 02.30.Uu Integral transforms
- 02.30.Vv Operational calculus
- 02.30.Xx Calculus of variations
- 02.30.Yy Control theory
- 02.30.Zz Inverse problems
- 02.40.-k Geometry, differential geometry, and topology
- 02.40.Dr Euclidean and projective geometries
- 02.40.Ft Convex sets and geometric inequalities
- 02.40.Gh Noncommutative geometry
- 02.40.Hw Classical differential geometry
- 02.40.Ky Riemannian geometries
- 02.40.Ma Global differential geometry
- 02.40.Pc General topology
- 02.40.Re Algebraic topology
- 02.40.Sf Manifolds and cell complexes
- 02.40.Tt Complex manifolds
- 02.40.Vh Global analysis and analysis on manifolds
- 02.40.Xx Singularity theory
- 02.40.Yy Geometric mechanics
- 02.50.-r Probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics
- 02.50.Cw Probability theory
- 02.50.Ey Stochastic processes
- 02.50.Fz Stochastic analysis
- 02.50.Ga Markov processes
- 02.50.Le Decision theory and game theory
- 02.50.Ng Distribution theory and Monte Carlo studies
- 02.50.Sk Multivariate analysis
- 02.50.Tt Inference methods
- 02.60.-x Numerical approximation and analysis
- 02.60.Cb Numerical simulation; solution of equations
- 02.60.Dc Numerical linear algebra
- 02.60.Ed Interpolation; curve fitting
- 02.60.Gf Algorithms for functional approximation
- 02.60.Jh Numerical differentiation and integration
- 02.60.Lj Ordinary and partial differential equations; boundary value problems
- 02.60.Nm Integral and integrodifferential equations
- 02.60.Pn Numerical optimization
- 02.70.-c Computational techniques; simulations
- 02.70.Bf Finite-difference methods
- 02.70.Dh Finite-element and Galerkin methods
- 02.70.Hm Spectral methods
- 02.70.Jn Collocation methods
- 02.70.Ns Molecular dynamics and particle methods
- 02.70.Pt Boundary-integral methods
- 02.70.Rr General statistical methods
- 02.70.Ss Quantum Monte Carlo methods
- 02.70.Tt Justifications or modifications of Monte Carlo methods
- 02.70.Uu Applications of Monte Carlo methods
- 02.70.Wz Symbolic computation (computer algebra)
- 02.90.+p Other topics in mathematical methods in physics
- 03.30.+p Special relativity
- 03.50.-z Classical field theories
- 03.50.De Classical electromagnetism, Maxwell equations
- 03.50.Kk Other special classical field theories
- 03.65.-w Quantum mechanics
- 03.65.Aa Quantum systems with finite Hilbert space
- 03.65.Ca Formalism
- 03.65.Db Functional analytical methods
- 03.65.Fd Algebraic methods
- 03.65.Ge Solutions of wave equations: bound states
- 03.65.Nk Scattering theory
- 03.65.Pm Relativistic wave equations
- 03.65.Sq Semiclassical theories and applications
- 03.65.Ta Foundations of quantum mechanics; measurement theory
- 03.65.Ud Entanglement and quantum nonlocality
- 03.65.Vf Phases: geometric; dynamic or topological
- 03.65.Wj State reconstruction, quantum tomography
- 03.65.Xp Tunneling, traversal time, quantum Zeno dynamics
- 03.65.Yz Decoherence; open systems; quantum statistical methods
- 03.67.-a Quantum information
- 03.67.Ac Quantum algorithms, protocols, and simulations
- 03.67.Bg Entanglement production and manipulation
- 03.67.Dd Quantum cryptography and communication security
- 03.67.Hk Quantum communication
- 03.67.Lx Quantum computation architectures and implementations
- 03.67.Mn Entanglement measures, witnesses, and other characterizations
- 03.67.Pp Quantum error correction and other methods for protection against decoherence
- 03.70.+k Theory of quantized fields
- 03.75.-b Matter waves
- 03.75.Be Atom and neutron optics
- 03.75.Dg Atom and neutron interferometry
- 03.75.Gg Entanglement and decoherence in Bose-Einstein condensates
- 03.75.Hh Static properties of condensates; thermodynamical, statistical, and structural properties
- 03.75.Kk Dynamic properties of condensates; collective and hydrodynamic excitations, superfluid flow
- 03.75.Lm Tunneling, Josephson effect, Bose-Einstein condensates in periodic potentials, solitons, vortices, and topological excitations
- 03.75.Mn Multicomponent condensates; spinor condensates
- 03.75.Nt Other Bose-Einstein condensation phenomena
- 03.75.Pp Atom lasers
- 03.75.Ss Degenerate Fermi gases
- 04.20.-q Classical general relativity
- 04.20.Cv Fundamental problems and general formalism
- 04.20.Dw Singularities and cosmic censorship
- 04.20.Ex Initial value problem, existence and uniqueness of solutions
- 04.20.Fy Canonical formalism, Lagrangians, and variational principles
- 04.20.Gz Spacetime topology, causal structure, spinor structure
- 04.20.Ha Asymptotic structure
- 04.20.Jb Exact solutions
- 04.25.-g Approximation methods; equations of motion
- 04.25.D- Numerical relativity
- 04.25.Dm Numerical relativity
- 04.25.Nx Post-Newtonian approximation; perturbation theory; related approximations
- 04.25.dc Numerical studies of critical behavior, singularities, and cosmic censorship
- 04.25.dg Numerical studies of black holes and black-hole binaries
- 04.25.dk Numerical studies of other relativistic binaries
- 04.30.-w Gravitational waves
- 04.30.Db Wave generation and sources
- 04.30.Nk Wave propagation and interactions
- 04.30.Tv Gravitational-wave astrophysics
- 04.40.-b Self-gravitating systems; continuous media and classical fields in curved spacetime
- 04.40.Dg Relativistic stars: structure, stability, and oscillations
- 04.40.Nr Einstein-Maxwell spacetimes, spacetimes with fluids, radiation or classical fields
- 04.50.+h Gravity in more than four dimensions, Kaluza-Klein theory, unified field theories; alternative theories of gravity
- 04.50.-h Higher-dimensional gravity and other theories of gravity
- 04.50.Cd Kaluza-Klein theories
- 04.50.Gh Higher-dimensional black holes, black strings, and related objects
- 04.50.Kd Modified theories of gravity
- 04.60.-m Quantum gravity
- 04.60.Bc Phenomenology of quantum gravity
- 04.60.Cf Gravitational aspects of string theory
- 04.60.Ds Canonical quantization
- 04.60.Gw Covariant and sum-over-histories quantization
- 04.60.Kz Lower dimensional models; minisuperspace models
- 04.60.Nc Lattice and discrete methods
- 04.60.Pp Loop quantum gravity, quantum geometry, spin foams
- 04.60.Rt Topologically massive gravity
- 04.62.+v Quantum fields in curved spacetime
- 04.65.+e Supergravity
- 04.70.-s Physics of black holes
- 04.70.Bw Classical black holes
- 04.70.Dy Quantum aspects of black holes, evaporation, thermodynamics
- 04.80.-y Experimental studies of gravity
- 04.80.Cc Experimental tests of gravitational theories
- 04.80.Nn Gravitational wave detectors and experiments
- 04.90.+e Other topics in general relativity and gravitation
- 05.10.-a Computational methods in statistical physics and nonlinear dynamics
- 05.10.Cc Renormalization group methods
- 05.10.Gg Stochastic analysis methods (Fokker-Planck, Langevin, etc.)
- 05.10.Ln Monte Carlo methods
- 05.20.-y Classical statistical mechanics
- 05.20.Dd Kinetic theory
- 05.20.Gg Classical ensemble theory
- 05.20.Jj Statistical mechanics of classical fluids
- 05.30.-d Quantum statistical mechanics
- 05.30.Ch Quantum ensemble theory
- 05.30.Fk Fermion systems and electron gas
- 05.30.Jp Boson systems
- 05.30.Pr Fractional statistics systems (anyons, etc.)
- 05.40.-a Fluctuation phenomena, random processes, noise, and Brownian motion
- 05.40.Ca Noise
- 05.40.Fb Random walks and Levy flights
- 05.40.Jc Brownian motion
- 05.45.-a Nonlinear dynamics and chaos
- 05.45.Ac Low-dimensional chaos
- 05.45.Df Fractals
- 05.45.Gg Control of chaos, applications of chaos
- 05.45.Jn High-dimensional chaos
- 05.45.Mt Quantum chaos; semiclassical methods
- 05.45.Pq Numerical simulations of chaotic systems
- 05.45.Ra Coupled map lattices
- 05.45.Tp Time series analysis
- 05.45.Vx Communication using chaos
- 05.45.Xt Synchronization; coupled oscillators
- 05.45.Yv Solitons
- 05.50.+q Lattice theory and statistics
- 05.60.-k Transport processes
- 05.60.Cd Classical transport
- 05.60.Gg Quantum transport
- 05.65.+b Self-organized systems
- 05.70.-a Thermodynamics
- 05.70.Ce Thermodynamic functions and equations of state
- 05.70.Fh Phase transitions: general studies
- 05.70.Jk Critical point phenomena
- 05.70.Ln Nonequilibrium and irreversible thermodynamics
- 05.70.Np Interface and surface thermodynamics
- 05.90.+m Other topics in statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems
- 06.20.-f Metrology
- 06.20.Dk Measurement and error theory
- 06.20.F- Units and standards
- 06.20.Fn Units and standards
- 06.20.Jr Determination of fundamental constants
- 06.20.fa Units
- 06.20.fb Standards and calibration
- 06.30.-k Measurements common to several branches of physics and astronomy
- 06.30.Bp Spatial dimensions (e.g., position, lengths, volume, angles, and displacements)
- 06.30.Dr Mass and density
- 06.30.Ft Time and frequency
- 06.30.Gv Velocity, acceleration, and rotation
- 06.30.Ka Basic electromagnetic quantities
- 06.60.-c Laboratory procedures
- 06.60.Ei Sample preparation (including design of sample holders)
- 06.60.Jn High-speed techniques (microsecond to femtosecond)
- 06.60.Mr Testing and inspecting procedures
- 06.60.Sx Positioning and alignment; manipulating, remote handling
- 06.60.Vz Workshop procedures (welding, machining, lubrication, bearings, etc.)
- 06.60.Wa Laboratory safety procedures
- 06.90.+v Other topics in metrology, measurements, and laboratory procedures
- 07.05.-t Computers in experimental physics
- 07.05.Bx Computer systems: hardware, operating systems, computer languages, and utilities
- 07.05.Dz Control systems
- 07.05.Fb Design of experiments
- 07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
- 07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management
- 07.05.Mh Neural networks, fuzzy logic, artificial intelligence
- 07.05.Pj Image processing
- 07.05.Rm Data presentation and visualization: algorithms and implementation
- 07.05.Tp Computer modeling and simulation
- 07.05.Wr Computer interfaces
- 07.07.-a General equipment
- 07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
- 07.07.Hj Display and recording equipment, oscilloscopes, TV cameras, etc.
- 07.07.Mp Transducers
- 07.07.Tw Servo and control equipment; robots
- 07.07.Vx Hygrometers; hygrometry
- 07.10.-h Mechanical instruments and equipment
- 07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems
- 07.10.Fq Vibration isolation
- 07.10.Lw Balance systems, tensile machines, etc.
- 07.10.Pz Instruments for strain, force, and torque
- 07.20.-n Thermal instruments and apparatus
- 07.20.Dt Thermometers
- 07.20.Fw Calorimeters
- 07.20.Hy Furnaces; heaters
- 07.20.Ka High-temperature instrumentation; pyrometers
- 07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment
- 07.20.Pe Heat engines; heat pumps; heat pipes
- 07.30.-t Vacuum apparatus
- 07.30.Bx Degasification, residual gas
- 07.30.Cy Vacuum pumps
- 07.30.Dz Vacuum gauges
- 07.30.Hd Vacuum testing methods; leak detectors
- 07.30.Kf Vacuum chambers, auxiliary apparatus, and materials
- 07.35.+k High-pressure apparatus; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells
- 07.50.-e Electrical and electronic instruments and components
- 07.50.Ek Circuits and circuit components
- 07.50.Hp Electrical noise and shielding equipment
- 07.50.Ls Electrometers
- 07.50.Qx Signal processing electronics
- 07.55.-w Magnetic instruments and components
- 07.55.Db Generation of magnetic fields; magnets
- 07.55.Ge Magnetometers for magnetic field measurements
- 07.55.Jg Magnetometers for susceptibility, magnetic moment, and magnetization measurements
- 07.55.Nk Magnetic shielding in instruments
- 07.57.-c Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave instruments and equipment
- 07.57.Hm Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave sources
- 07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors
- 07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
- 07.57.Ty Infrared spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
- 07.60.-j Optical instruments and equipment
- 07.60.Dq Photometers, radiometers, and colorimeters
- 07.60.Fs Polarimeters and ellipsometers
- 07.60.Hv Refractometers and reflectometers
- 07.60.Ly Interferometers
- 07.60.Pb Conventional optical microscopes
- 07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers
- 07.60.Vg Fiber-optic instruments
- 07.64.+z Acoustic instruments and equipment
- 07.68.+m Photography, photographic instruments; xerography
- 07.75.+h Mass spectrometers
- 07.77.-n Atomic, molecular, and charged-particle sources and detectors
- 07.77.Gx Atomic and molecular beam sources and detectors
- 07.77.Ka Charged-particle beam sources and detectors
- 07.78.+s Electron, positron, and ion microscopes; electron diffractometers
- 07.79.-v Scanning probe microscopes and components
- 07.79.Cz Scanning tunneling microscopes
- 07.79.Fc Near-field scanning optical microscopes
- 07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes
- 07.79.Pk Magnetic force microscopes
- 07.79.Sp Friction force microscopes
- 07.81.+a Electron and ion spectrometers
- 07.85.-m X- and γ-ray instruments
- 07.85.Fv X- and γ-ray sources, mirrors, gratings, and detectors
- 07.85.Jy Diffractometers
- 07.85.Nc X-ray and γ-ray spectrometers
- 07.85.Qe Synchrotron radiation instrumentation
- 07.85.Tt X-ray microscopes
- 07.87.+v Spaceborne and space research instruments, apparatus, and components
- 07.88.+y Instruments for environmental pollution measurements
- 07.89.+b Environmental effects on instruments
- 07.90.+c Other topics in instruments, apparatus, and components common to several branches of physics and astronomy
- 11.10.-z Field theory
- 11.10.Cd Axiomatic approach
- 11.10.Ef Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approach
- 11.10.Gh Renormalization
- 11.10.Hi Renormalization group evolution of parameters
- 11.10.Jj Asymptotic problems and properties
- 11.10.Kk Field theories in dimensions other than four
- 11.10.Lm Nonlinear or nonlocal theories and models
- 11.10.Nx Noncommutative field theory
- 11.10.St Bound and unstable states; Bethe-Salpeter equations
- 11.10.Wx Finite-temperature field theory
- 11.15.-q Gauge field theories
- 11.15.Bt General properties of perturbation theory
- 11.15.Ex Spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetries
- 11.15.Ha Lattice gauge theory
- 11.15.Kc Classical and semiclassical techniques
- 11.15.Me Strong-coupling expansions
- 11.15.Pg Expansions for large numbers of components (e.g., 1/Nc expansions)
- 11.15.Tk Other nonperturbative techniques
- 11.15.Wx Topologically massive gauge theories
- 11.15.Yc Chern-Simons gauge theory
- 11.25.-w Strings and branes
- 11.25.Db Properties of perturbation theory
- 11.25.Hf Conformal field theory, algebraic structures
- 11.25.Mj Compactification and four-dimensional models
- 11.25.Pm Noncritical string theory
- 11.25.Sq Nonperturbative techniques; string field theory
- 11.25.Tq Gauge/string duality
- 11.25.Uv D branes
- 11.25.Wx String and brane phenomenology
- 11.25.Yb M theory
- 11.27.+d Extended classical solutions; cosmic strings, domain walls, texture
- 11.30.-j Symmetry and conservation laws
- 11.30.Cp Lorentz and Poincaré invariance
- 11.30.Er Charge conjugation, parity, time reversal, and other discrete symmetries
- 11.30.Fs Global symmetries (e.g., baryon number, lepton number)
- 11.30.Hv Flavor symmetries
- 11.30.Ly Other internal and higher symmetries
- 11.30.Na Nonlinear and dynamical symmetries (spectrum-generating symmetries)
- 11.30.Pb Supersymmetry
- 11.30.Qc Spontaneous and radiative symmetry breaking
- 11.30.Rd Chiral symmetries
- 11.40.-q Currents and their properties
- 11.40.Dw General theory of currents
- 11.40.Ex Formal properties of current algebras
- 11.40.Ha Partially conserved axial-vector currents
- 11.55.-m S-matrix theory; analytic structure of amplitudes
- 11.55.Bq Analytic properties of S matrix
- 11.55.Ds Exact S matrices
- 11.55.Fv Dispersion relations
- 11.55.Hx Sum rules
- 11.55.Jy Regge formalism
- 11.80.-m Relativistic scattering theory
- 11.80.Cr Kinematical properties (helicity and invariant amplitudes, kinematic singularities, etc.)
- 11.80.Et Partial-wave analysis
- 11.80.Fv Approximations (eikonal approximation, variational principles, etc.)
- 11.80.Gw Multichannel scattering
- 11.80.Jy Many-body scattering and Faddeev equation
- 11.80.La Multiple scattering
- 11.90.+t Other topics in general theory of fields and particles
- 12.10.-g Unified field theories and models
- 12.10.Dm Unified theories and models of strong and electroweak interactions
- 12.10.Kt Unification of couplings; mass relations
- 12.15.-y Electroweak interactions
- 12.15.Ff Quark and lepton masses and mixing
- 12.15.Hh Determination of Cabibbo-Kobayashi & Maskawa (CKM) matrix elements
- 12.15.Ji Applications of electroweak models to specific processes
- 12.15.Lk Electroweak radiative corrections
- 12.15.Mm Neutral currents
- 12.20.-m Quantum electrodynamics
- 12.20.Ds Specific calculations
- 12.20.Fv Experimental tests
- 12.38.-t Quantum chromodynamics
- 12.38.Aw General properties of QCD (dynamics, confinement, etc.)
- 12.38.Bx Perturbative calculations
- 12.38.Cy Summation of perturbation theory
- 12.38.Gc Lattice QCD calculations
- 12.38.Lg Other nonperturbative calculations
- 12.38.Mh Quark-gluon plasma
- 12.38.Qk Experimental tests
- 12.39.-x Phenomenological quark models
- 12.39.Ba Bag model
- 12.39.Dc Skyrmions
- 12.39.Fe Chiral Lagrangians
- 12.39.Hg Heavy quark effective theory
- 12.39.Jh Nonrelativistic quark model
- 12.39.Ki Relativistic quark model
- 12.39.Mk Glueball and nonstandard multi-quark/gluon states
- 12.39.Pn Potential models
- 12.39.St Factorization
- 12.40.-y Other models for strong interactions
- 12.40.Ee Statistical models
- 12.40.Nn Regge theory, duality, absorptive/optical models
- 12.40.Vv Vector-meson dominance
- 12.40.Yx Hadron mass models and calculations
- 12.60.-i Models beyond the standard model
- 12.60.Cn Extensions of electroweak gauge sector
- 12.60.Fr Extensions of electroweak Higgs sector
- 12.60.Jv Supersymmetric models
- 12.60.Nz Technicolor models
- 12.60.Rc Composite models
- 12.90.+b Miscellaneous theoretical ideas and models
- 13.15.+g Neutrino interactions
- 13.20.-v Leptonic, semileptonic, and radiative decays of mesons
- 13.20.Cz Decays of π mesons
- 13.20.Eb Decays of K mesons
- 13.20.Fc Decays of charmed mesons
- 13.20.Gd Decays of J/ψ, Υ, and other quarkonia
- 13.20.He Decays of bottom mesons
- 13.20.Jf Decays of other mesons
- 13.25.-k Hadronic decays of mesons
- 13.25.Cq Decays of π mesons
- 13.25.Es Decays of K mesons
- 13.25.Ft Decays of charmed mesons
- 13.25.Gv Decays of J/ψ, Υ, and other quarkonia
- 13.25.Hw Decays of bottom mesons
- 13.25.Jx Decays of other mesons
- 13.30.-a Decays of baryons
- 13.30.Ce Leptonic, semileptonic, and radiative decays
- 13.30.Eg Hadronic decays
- 13.35.-r Decays of leptons
- 13.35.Bv Decays of muons
- 13.35.Dx Decays of taus
- 13.35.Hb Decays of heavy neutrinos
- 13.38.-b Decays of intermediate bosons
- 13.38.Be Decays of W bosons
- 13.38.Dg Decays of Z bosons
- 13.40.-f Electromagnetic processes and properties
- 13.40.Dk Electromagnetic mass differences
- 13.40.Em Electric and magnetic moments
- 13.40.Gp Electromagnetic form factors
- 13.40.Hq Electromagnetic decays
- 13.40.Ks Electromagnetic corrections to strong- and weak-interaction processes
- 13.60.-r Photon and charged-lepton interactions with hadrons
- 13.60.Fz Elastic and Compton scattering
- 13.60.Hb Total and inclusive cross sections (including deep-inelastic processes)
- 13.60.Le Meson production
- 13.60.Rj Baryon production
- 13.66.-a Lepton-lepton interactions
- 13.66.Bc Hadron production in e−e+ interactions
- 13.66.De Lepton production in e−e+ interactions
- 13.66.Fg Gauge and Higgs boson production in e−e+ interactions
- 13.66.Hk Production of non-standard model particles in e−e+ interactions
- 13.66.Jn Precision measurements in e−e+ interactions
- 13.66.Lm Processes in other lepton-lepton interactions
- 13.75.-n Hadron-induced low- and intermediate-energy reactions and scattering
- 13.75.Cs Nucleon-nucleon interactions
- 13.75.Ev Hyperon-nucleon interactions
- 13.75.Gx Pion-baryon interactions
- 13.75.Jz Kaon-baryon interactions
- 13.75.Lb Meson-meson interactions
- 13.85.-t Hadron-induced high- and super-high-energy interactions
- 13.85.Dz Elastic scattering
- 13.85.Fb Inelastic scattering: two-particle final states
- 13.85.Hd Inelastic scattering: many-particle final states
- 13.85.Lg Total cross sections
- 13.85.Ni Inclusive production with identified hadrons
- 13.85.Qk Inclusive production with identified leptons, photons, or other nonhadronic particles
- 13.85.Rm Limits on production of particles
- 13.85.Tp Cosmic-ray interactions
- 13.87.-a Jets in large-Q2 scattering
- 13.87.Ce Production
- 13.87.Fh Fragmentation into hadrons
- 13.88.+e Polarization in interactions and scattering
- 13.90.+i Other topics in specific reactions and phenomenology of elementary particles
- 14.20.-c Baryons
- 14.20.Dh Protons and neutrons
- 14.20.Gk Baryon resonances (S=C=B=0)
- 14.20.Jn Hyperons
- 14.20.Lq Charmed baryons (|C|>0, B=0)
- 14.20.Mr Bottom baryons (|B|>0)
- 14.20.Pt Exotic baryons
- 14.40.-n Mesons
- 14.40.Aq pi, K, and eta mesons
- 14.40.Be Light mesons (S=C=B=0)
- 14.40.Cs Other mesons with S=C=0, mass < 2.5 GeV
- 14.40.Df Strange mesons (|S|>0, C=B=0)
- 14.40.Ev Other strange mesons
- 14.40.Gx Mesons with S=C=B=0, mass > 2.5 GeV (including quarkonia)
- 14.40.Lb Charmed mesons (|C|>0, B=0)
- 14.40.Nd Bottom mesons (|B|>0)
- 14.40.Pq Heavy quarkonia
- 14.40.Rt Exotic mesons
- 14.60.-z Leptons
- 14.60.Cd Electrons (including positrons)
- 14.60.Ef Muons
- 14.60.Fg Taus
- 14.60.Hi Other charged heavy leptons
- 14.60.Lm Ordinary neutrinos
- 14.60.Pq Neutrino mass and mixing
- 14.60.St Non-standard-model neutrinos, right-handed neutrinos, etc.
- 14.65.-q Quarks
- 14.65.Bt Light quarks
- 14.65.Dw Charmed quarks
- 14.65.Fy Bottom quarks
- 14.65.Ha Top quarks
- 14.65.Jk Other quarks (e.g., 4th generations)
- 14.70.-e Gauge bosons
- 14.70.Bh Photons
- 14.70.Dj Gluons
- 14.70.Fm W bosons
- 14.70.Hp Z bosons
- 14.70.Kv Gravitons
- 14.70.Pw Other gauge bosons
- 14.80.-j Other particles (including hypothetical)
- 14.80.Bn Standard-model Higgs bosons
- 14.80.Cp Non-standard-model Higgs bosons
- 14.80.Da Supersymmetric Higgs bosons
- 14.80.Ec Other neutral Higgs bosons
- 14.80.Fd Other charged Higgs bosons
- 14.80.Hv Magnetic monopoles
- 14.80.Ly Supersymmetric partners of known particles
- 14.80.Mz Axions and other Nambu-Goldstone bosons (Majorons, familons, etc.)
- 14.80.Nb Neutralinos and charginos
- 14.80.Pq R-hadrons
- 14.80.Rt Kaluza-Klein excitations
- 14.80.Sv Leptoquarks
- 14.80.Tt Technicolor
- 14.80.Va Axions and other Nambu-Goldstone bosons (Majorons, familons, etc.)
- 21.10.-k Properties of nuclei; nuclear energy levels
- 21.10.Dr Binding energies and masses
- 21.10.Ft Charge distribution
- 21.10.Gv Nucleon distributions and halo features
- 21.10.Hw Spin, parity, and isobaric spin
- 21.10.Jx Spectroscopic factors and asymptotic normalization coefficients
- 21.10.Ky Electromagnetic moments
- 21.10.Ma Level density
- 21.10.Pc Single-particle levels and strength functions
- 21.10.Re Collective levels
- 21.10.Sf Coulomb energies, analogue states
- 21.10.Tg Lifetimes, widths
- 21.30.-x Nuclear forces
- 21.30.Cb Nuclear forces in vacuum
- 21.30.Fe Forces in hadronic systems and effective interactions
- 21.45.+v Few-body systems
- 21.45.-v Few-body systems
- 21.45.Bc Two-nucleon system
- 21.45.Ff Three-nucleon forces
- 21.60.-n Nuclear structure models and methods
- 21.60.Cs Shell model
- 21.60.De Ab initio methods
- 21.60.Ev Collective models
- 21.60.Fw Models based on group theory
- 21.60.Gx Cluster models
- 21.60.Jz Nuclear Density Functional Theory and extensions (includes Hartree-Fock and random-phase approximations)
- 21.60.Ka Monte Carlo models
- 21.65.+f Nuclear matter
- 21.65.-f Nuclear matter
- 21.65.Cd Asymmetric matter, neutron matter
- 21.65.Ef Symmetry energy
- 21.65.Jk Mesons in nuclear matter
- 21.65.Mn Equations of state of nuclear matter
- 21.65.Qr Quark matter
- 21.80.+a Hypernuclei
- 21.85.+d Mesic nuclei
- 21.90.+f Other topics in nuclear structure
- 23.20.-g Electromagnetic transitions
- 23.20.En Angular distribution and correlation measurements
- 23.20.Gq Multipole mixing ratios
- 23.20.Js Multipole matrix elements
- 23.20.Lv γ transitions and level energies
- 23.20.Nx Internal conversion and extranuclear effects (including Auger electrons and internal bremsstrahlung)
- 23.20.Ra Internal pair production
- 23.35.+g Isomer decay
- 23.40.-s β decay; double β decay; electron and muon capture
- 23.40.Bw Weak-interaction and lepton
- 23.40.Hc Relation with nuclear matrix elements and nuclear structure
- 23.50.+z Decay by proton emission
- 23.60.+e α decay
- 23.70.+j Heavy-particle decay
- 23.90.+w Other topics in radioactive decay and in-beam spectroscopy
- 24.10.-i Nuclear reaction models and methods
- 24.10.Cn Many-body theory
- 24.10.Eq Coupled-channel and distorted-wave models
- 24.10.Ht Optical and diffraction models
- 24.10.Jv Relativistic models
- 24.10.Lx Monte Carlo simulations (including hadron and parton cascades and string breaking models)
- 24.10.Nz Hydrodynamic models
- 24.10.Pa Thermal and statistical models
- 24.30.-v Resonance reactions
- 24.30.Cz Giant resonances
- 24.30.Gd Other resonances
- 24.50.+g Direct reactions
- 24.60.-k Statistical theory and fluctuations
- 24.60.Dr Statistical compound-nucleus reactions
- 24.60.Gv Statistical multistep direct reactions
- 24.60.Ky Fluctuation phenomena
- 24.60.Lz Chaos in nuclear systems
- 24.70.+s Polarization phenomena in reactions
- 24.75.+i General properties of fission
- 24.80.+y Nuclear tests of fundamental interactions and symmetries
- 24.85.+p Quarks, gluons, and QCD in nuclear reactions
- 24.87.+y Surrogate reactions
- 24.90.+d Other topics in nuclear reactions: general
- 25.10.+s Nuclear reactions involving few-nucleon systems
- 25.20.-x Photonuclear reactions
- 25.20.Dc Photon absorption and scattering
- 25.20.Lj Photoproduction reactions
- 25.30.-c Lepton-induced reactions
- 25.30.Bf Elastic electron scattering
- 25.30.Dh Inelastic electron scattering to specific states
- 25.30.Fj Inelastic electron scattering to continuum
- 25.30.Hm Positron-induced reactions
- 25.30.Mr Muon-induced reactions (including the EMC effect)
- 25.30.Pt Neutrino-induced reactions
- 25.30.Rw Electroproduction reactions
- 25.40.-h Nucleon-induced reactions
- 25.40.Cm Elastic proton scattering
- 25.40.Dn Elastic neutron scattering
- 25.40.Ep Inelastic proton scattering
- 25.40.Fq Inelastic neutron scattering
- 25.40.Hs Transfer reactions
- 25.40.Kv Charge-exchange reactions
- 25.40.Lw Radiative capture
- 25.40.Ny Resonance reactions
- 25.40.Qa (p, π) reactions
- 25.40.Sc Spallation reactions
- 25.40.Ve Other reactions above meson production thresholds (energies > 400 MeV)
- 25.43.+t Antiproton-induced reactions
- 25.45.-z 2H-induced reactions
- 25.45.De Elastic and inelastic scattering
- 25.45.Hi Transfer reactions
- 25.45.Kk Charge-exchange reactions
- 25.55.-e 3H-, 3He-, and 4He-induced reactions
- 25.55.Ci Elastic and inelastic scattering
- 25.55.Hp Transfer reactions
- 25.55.Kr Charge-exchange reactions
- 25.60.-t Reactions induced by unstable nuclei
- 25.60.Bx Elastic scattering
- 25.60.Dz Interaction and reaction cross sections
- 25.60.Gc Breakup and momentum distributions
- 25.60.Je Transfer reactions
- 25.60.Lg Charge-exchange reactions
- 25.60.Pj Fusion reactions
- 25.60.Tv Radiative capture
- 25.70.-z Low and intermediate energy heavy-ion reactions
- 25.70.Bc Elastic and quasielastic scattering
- 25.70.De Coulomb excitation
- 25.70.Ef Resonances
- 25.70.Gh Compound nucleus
- 25.70.Hi Transfer reactions
- 25.70.Jj Fusion and fusion-fission reactions
- 25.70.Kk Charge-exchange reactions
- 25.70.Lm Strongly damped collisions
- 25.70.Mn Projectile and target fragmentation
- 25.70.Pq Multifragment emission and correlations
- 25.75.-q Relativistic heavy-ion collisions
- 25.75.Ag Global features in relativistic heavy ion collisions
- 25.75.Bh Hard scattering in relativistic heavy ion collisions
- 25.75.Cj Photon, lepton, and heavy quark production in relativistic heavy ion collisions
- 25.75.Dw Particle and resonance production
- 25.75.Gz Particle correlations and fluctuations
- 25.75.Ld Collective flow
- 25.75.Nq Quark deconfinement, quark-gluon plasma production, and phase transitions
- 25.80.-e Meson- and hyperon-induced reactions
- 25.80.Dj Pion elastic scattering
- 25.80.Ek Pion inelastic scattering
- 25.80.Gn Pion charge-exchange reactions
- 25.80.Hp Pion-induced reactions
- 25.80.Ls Pion inclusive scattering and absorption
- 25.80.Nv Kaon-induced reactions
- 25.80.Pw Hyperon-induced reactions
- 25.85.-w Fission reactions
- 25.85.Ca Spontaneous fission
- 25.85.Ec Neutron-induced fission
- 25.85.Ge Charged-particle-induced fission
- 25.85.Jg Photofission
- 25.90.+k Other topics in nuclear reactions: specific reactions
- 26.20.+f Hydrostatic stellar nucleosynthesis
- 26.20.-f Hydrostatic stellar nucleosynthesis
- 26.20.Cd Stellar hydrogen burning
- 26.20.Fj Stellar helium burning
- 26.20.Kn s-process
- 26.20.Np Nucleosynthesis in late stellar evolution
- 26.20.Qr Quasistatistical processes
- 26.30.+k Nucleosynthesis in novae, supernovae, and other explosive environments
- 26.30.-k Nucleosynthesis in novae, supernovae, and other explosive environments
- 26.30.Ca Explosive burning in accreting binary systems (novae, x-ray bursts)
- 26.30.Ef Explosive burning in supernovae shock fronts
- 26.30.Hj r-process
- 26.30.Jk Weak interaction and neutrino induced processes, galactic radioactivity
- 26.35.+c Big Bang nucleosynthesis
- 26.40.+r Cosmic ray nucleosynthesis
- 26.50.+x Nuclear physics aspects of novae, supernovae, and other explosive environments
- 26.60.+c Nuclear matter aspects of neutron stars
- 26.60.-c Nuclear matter aspects of neutron stars
- 26.60.Dd Neutron star core
- 26.60.Gj Neutron star crust
- 26.60.Kp Equations of state of neutron-star matter
- 26.65.+t Solar neutrinos
- 26.90.+n Other topics in nuclear astrophysics
- 27.10.+h A ≤ 5
- 27.20.+n 6 ≤ A ≤ 19
- 27.30.+t 20 ≤ A ≤ 38
- 27.40.+z 39 ≤ A ≤ 58
- 27.50.+e 59 ≤ A ≤ 89
- 27.60.+j 90 ≤ A ≤ 149
- 27.70.+q 150 ≤ A ≤ 189
- 27.80.+w 190 ≤ A ≤ 219
- 27.90.+b A ≥ 220
- 28.20.-v Neutron physics
- 28.20.Cz Neutron scattering
- 28.20.Fc Neutron absorption
- 28.20.Gd Neutron transport: diffusion and moderation
- 28.20.Ka Thermal neutron cross sections
- 28.20.Np Neutron capture γ-rays
- 28.20.Pr Neutron imaging; neutron tomography
- 28.41.-i Fission reactors
- 28.41.Ak Theory, design, and computerized simulation
- 28.41.Bm Fuel elements, preparation, reloading, and reprocessing
- 28.41.Fr Reactor coolants, reactor cooling, and heat recovery
- 28.41.Kw Radioactive wastes, waste disposal
- 28.41.My Reactor control systems
- 28.41.Pa Moderators
- 28.41.Qb Structural and shielding materials
- 28.41.Rc Instrumentation
- 28.41.Te Protection systems, safety, radiation monitoring, accidents, and dismantling
- 28.41.Vx Fuel cycles
- 28.50.-k Fission reactor types
- 28.50.Dr Research reactors
- 28.50.Ft Fast and breeder reactors
- 28.50.Hw Power and production reactors
- 28.50.Ky Propulsion reactors
- 28.50.Ma Auxiliary generators
- 28.52.-s Fusion reactors
- 28.52.Av Theory, design, and computerized simulation
- 28.52.Cx Fueling, heating and ignition
- 28.52.Fa Materials
- 28.52.Lf Components and instrumentation
- 28.52.Nh Safety
- 28.60.+s Isotope separation and enrichment
- 28.65.+a Accelerator-driven transmutation of nuclear waste
- 28.70.+y Nuclear explosions
- 28.90.+i Other topics in nuclear engineering and nuclear power studies
- 29.17.+w Electrostatic, collective, and linear accelerators
- 29.20.-c Accelerators
- 29.20.Ba Electrostatic accelerators
- 29.20.D- Cyclic accelerators and storage rings
- 29.20.Dh Storage rings
- 29.20.Ej Linear accelerators
- 29.20.Fj Betatrons
- 29.20.Hm Cyclotrons
- 29.20.Lq Synchrotrons
- 29.20.db Storage rings and colliders
- 29.20.df Betatrons
- 29.20.dg Cyclotrons
- 29.20.dk Synchrotrons
- 29.25.-t Particle sources and targets
- 29.25.Bx Electron sources
- 29.25.Dz Neutron sources
- 29.25.Lg Ion sources: polarized
- 29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative
- 29.25.Pj Polarized and other targets
- 29.25.Rm Sources of radioactive nuclei
- 29.27.-a Beams in particle accelerators
- 29.27.Ac Beam injection and extraction
- 29.27.Bd Beam dynamics; collective effects and instabilities
- 29.27.Eg Beam handling; beam transport
- 29.27.Fh Beam characteristics
- 29.27.Hj Polarized beams
- 29.30.-h Spectrometers and spectroscopic techniques
- 29.30.Aj Charged-particle spectrometers: electric and magnetic
- 29.30.Dn Electron spectroscopy
- 29.30.Ep Charged-particle spectroscopy
- 29.30.Hs Neutron spectroscopy
- 29.30.Kv X- and γ-ray spectroscopy
- 29.30.Lw Nuclear orientation devices
- 29.38.-c Radioactive beams
- 29.38.Db Fast radioactive beam techniques
- 29.38.Gj Reaccelerated radioactive beams
- 29.40.-n Radiation detectors
- 29.40.Cs Gas-filled counters: ionization chambers, proportional, and avalanche counters
- 29.40.Gx Tracking and position-sensitive detectors
- 29.40.Ka Cherenkov detectors
- 29.40.Mc Scintillation detectors
- 29.40.Rg Nuclear emulsions
- 29.40.Vj Calorimeters
- 29.40.Wk Solid-state detectors
- 29.50.+v Computer interfaces
- 29.85.+c Computer data analysis
- 29.85.-c Computer data analysis
- 29.85.Ca Data acquisition and sorting
- 29.85.Fj Data analysis
- 29.87.+g Nuclear data compilation
- 29.90.+r Other topics in elementary-particle and nuclear physics experimental methods and instrumentation
- 31.10.+z Theory of electronic structure, electronic transitions, and chemical binding
- 31.15.-p Calculations and mathematical techniques in atomic and molecular physics
- 31.15.A- Ab initio calculations
- 31.15.Ar Ab initio calculations
- 31.15.B- Approximate calculations
- 31.15.Bs Statistical model calculations (including Thomas-Fermi and Thomas-Fermi-Dirac models)
- 31.15.Ct Semi-empirical and empirical calculations (differential overlap, Huckel, PPP methods, etc.)
- 31.15.Dv Coupled-cluster theory
- 31.15.E- Density-functional theory
- 31.15.Ew Density-functional theory
- 31.15.Fx Finite-difference schemes
- 31.15.Gy Semiclassical methods
- 31.15.Hz Group theory
- 31.15.Ja Hyperspherical methods
- 31.15.Kb Path-integral methods
- 31.15.Lc Quasiparticle methods
- 31.15.Md Perturbation theory
- 31.15.Ne Self-consistent-field methods
- 31.15.Pf Variational techniques
- 31.15.Qg Molecular dynamics and other numerical methods
- 31.15.Rh Valence bond calculations
- 31.15.V- Electron correlation calculations for atoms, ions and molecules
- 31.15.X- Alternative approaches
- 31.15.ac High-precision calculations for few-electron (or few-body) atomic systems
- 31.15.ae Electronic structure and bonding characteristics
- 31.15.ag Excitation energies and lifetimes; oscillator strengths
- 31.15.aj Relativistic corrections, spin-orbit effects, fine structure; hyperfine structure
- 31.15.am Relativistic configuration interaction (CI) and many-body perturbation calculations
- 31.15.ap Polarizabilities and other atomic and molecular properties
- 31.15.aq Strongly correlated electron systems: generalized tight-binding method
- 31.15.at Molecule transport characteristics; molecular dynamics; electronic structure of polymers
- 31.15.bt Statistical model calculations (including Thomas-Fermi and Thomas-Fermi-Dirac models)
- 31.15.bu Semi-empirical and empirical calculations (differential overlap, Hückel, PPP methods, etc.)
- 31.15.bw Coupled-cluster theory
- 31.15.ec Hohenberg-Kohn theorem and formal mathematical properties, completeness theorems
- 31.15.ee Time-dependent density functional theory
- 31.15.eg Exchange-correlation functionals (in current density functional theory)
- 31.15.ej Spin-density functionals
- 31.15.em Corrections for core-spin polarization, surface effects, etc.
- 31.15.ep Variational particle-number approach
- 31.15.es Applications of density-functional theory (e.g., to electronic structure and stability; defect formation; dielectric properties, susceptibilities; viscoelastic coefficients; Rydberg transition frequencies)
- 31.15.ve Electron correlation calculations for atoms and ions: ground state
- 31.15.vj Electron correlation calculations for atoms and ions: excited states
- 31.15.vn Electron correlation calculations for diatomic molecules
- 31.15.vq Electron correlation calculations for polyatomic molecules
- 31.15.xf Finite-difference schemes
- 31.15.xg Semiclassical methods
- 31.15.xh Group-theoretical methods
- 31.15.xj Hyperspherical methods
- 31.15.xk Path-integral methods
- 31.15.xm Quasiparticle methods
- 31.15.xp Perturbation theory
- 31.15.xr Self-consistent-field methods
- 31.15.xt Variational techniques
- 31.15.xv Molecular dynamics and other numerical methods
- 31.15.xw Valence bond calculations
- 31.25.-v Electron correlation calculations for atoms and molecules
- 31.25.Eb Electron correlation calculations for atoms and ions: ground state
- 31.25.Jf Electron correlation calculations for atoms and ions: excited states
- 31.25.Nj Electron correlation calculations for diatomic molecules
- 31.25.Qm Electron correlation calculations for polyatomic molecules
- 31.30.-i Corrections to electronic structure
- 31.30.Gs Hyperfine interactions and isotope effects
- 31.30.J- Relativistic and quantum electrodynamic (QED) effects in atoms, molecules, and ions
- 31.30.Jv Relativistic and quantum electrodynamic effects in atoms and molecules
- 31.30.jc Relativistic corrections to atomic structure and properties
- 31.30.jd Relativistic corrections due to negative-energy states or processes
- 31.30.jf QED calculations of level energies, transition frequencies, fine structure intervals (radiative corrections, self-energy, vacuum polarization, etc.)
- 31.30.jg QED corrections to parity nonconserving transition amplitudes and CP violations
- 31.30.jh QED corrections to long-range and weak interactions
- 31.30.jn QED corrections to electric dipole moments and other atomic properties
- 31.30.jp Electron electric dipole moment
- 31.30.jr QED corrections
- 31.30.js Corrections to bound-electron g factor
- 31.30.jx Nonrelativistic limits of Dirac-Fock calculations
- 31.30.jy Higher-order effective Hamiltonians
- 31.30.jz Decay rates of hydrogen-antihydrogen quasimolecules
- 31.50.-x Potential energy surfaces
- 31.50.Bc Potential energy surfaces for ground electronic states
- 31.50.Df Potential energy surfaces for excited electronic states
- 31.50.Gh Surface crossings, non-adiabatic couplings
- 31.70.-f Effects of atomic and molecular interactions on electronic structure
- 31.70.Dk Environmental and solvent effects
- 31.70.Hq Time-dependent phenomena: excitation and relaxation processes, and reaction rates
- 31.70.Ks Molecular solids
- 31.90.+s Other topics in the theory of the electronic structure of atoms and molecules
- 32.10.-f Properties of atoms
- 32.10.Bi Atomic masses, mass spectra, abundances, and isotopes
- 32.10.Dk Electric and magnetic moments, polarizabilities
- 32.10.Ee Magnetic bound states, magnetic trapping of Rydberg states
- 32.10.Fn Fine and hyperfine structure
- 32.10.Hq Ionization potentials, electron affinities
- 32.30.-r Atomic spectra
- 32.30.Bv Radio-frequency, microwave, and infrared spectra
- 32.30.Dx Magnetic resonance spectra
- 32.30.Jc Visible and ultraviolet spectra
- 32.30.Rj X-ray spectra
- 32.50.+d Fluorescence, phosphorescence (including quenching)
- 32.60.+i Zeeman and Stark effects
- 32.70.-n Intensities and shapes of atomic spectral lines
- 32.70.Cs Oscillator strengths, lifetimes, transition moments
- 32.70.Fw Absolute and relative intensities
- 32.70.Jz Line shapes, widths, and shifts
- 32.80.-t Photoionization and excitation
- 32.80.Aa Inner-shell excitation and ionization
- 32.80.Bx Level crossing and optical pumping
- 32.80.Cy Atomic scattering, cross sections, and form factors; Compton scattering
- 32.80.Dz Autoionization
- 32.80.Ee Rydberg states
- 32.80.Fb Photoionization of atoms and ions
- 32.80.Gc Photodetachment of atomic negative ions
- 32.80.Hd Auger effect
- 32.80.Lg Mechanical effects of light on atoms, molecules, and ions
- 32.80.Pj Optical cooling of atoms; trapping
- 32.80.Qk Coherent control of atomic interactions with photons
- 32.80.Rm Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states
- 32.80.Wr Other multiphoton processes
- 32.80.Xx Level crossing and optical pumping
- 32.80.Ys Weak-interaction effects in atoms
- 32.80.Zb Autoionization
- 32.90.+a Other topics in atomic properties and interactions of atoms with photons
- 33.15.-e Properties of molecules
- 33.15.Bh General molecular conformation and symmetry; stereochemistry
- 33.15.Dj Interatomic distances and angles
- 33.15.Fm Bond strengths, dissociation energies
- 33.15.Hp Barrier heights (internal rotation, inversion, rotational isomerism, conformational dynamics)
- 33.15.Kr Electric and magnetic moments (and derivatives), polarizability, and magnetic susceptibility
- 33.15.Mt Rotation, vibration, and vibration-rotation constants
- 33.15.Pw Fine and hyperfine structure
- 33.15.Ry Ionization potentials, electron affinities, molecular core binding energy
- 33.15.Ta Mass spectra
- 33.15.Vb Correlation times in molecular dynamics
- 33.20.-t Molecular spectra (see also 78.47.J- Ultrafast spectroscopy (
- 33.20.Bx Radio-frequency and microwave spectra
- 33.20.Ea Infrared spectra
- 33.20.Fb Raman and Rayleigh spectra (including optical scattering)
- 33.20.Kf Visible spectra
- 33.20.Lg Ultraviolet spectra
- 33.20.Ni Vacuum ultraviolet spectra
- 33.20.Rm X-ray spectra
- 33.20.Sn Rotational analysis
- 33.20.Tp Vibrational analysis
- 33.20.Vq Vibration-rotation analysis
- 33.20.Wr Vibronic, rovibronic, and rotation-electron-spin interactions
- 33.20.Xx Spectra induced by strong-field or attosecond laser irradiation
- 33.25.+k Nuclear resonance and relaxation
- 33.35.+r Electron resonance and relaxation
- 33.40.+f Multiple resonances
- 33.45.+x Mössbauer spectra
- 33.50.-j Fluorescence and phosphorescence; radiationless transitions, quenching
- 33.50.Dq Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra
- 33.50.Hv Radiationless transitions, quenching
- 33.55.+b Optical activity and dichroism
- 33.55.-b Optical activity and dichroism; magnetooptical and electrooptical spectra
- 33.55.Ad Optical activity, optical rotation; circular dichroism
- 33.55.Be Zeeman and Stark effects
- 33.55.Fi Other magnetooptical and electrooptical effects
- 33.57.+c Magneto-optical and electro-optical spectra and effects
- 33.60.+q Photoelectron spectra
- 33.60.-q Photoelectron spectra
- 33.60.Cv Ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectra
- 33.60.Fy X-ray photoelectron spectra
- 33.70.-w Intensities and shapes of molecular spectral lines and bands
- 33.70.Ca Oscillator and band strengths, lifetimes, transition moments, and Franck-Condon factors
- 33.70.Fd Absolute and relative line and band intensities
- 33.70.Jg Line and band widths, shapes, and shifts
- 33.80.-b Photon interactions with molecules
- 33.80.Be Level crossing and optical pumping
- 33.80.Eh Autoionization, photoionization, and photodetachment
- 33.80.Gj Diffuse spectra; predissociation, photodissociation
- 33.80.Ps Optical cooling of molecules; trapping
- 33.80.Rv Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states (e.g., Rydberg states)
- 33.80.Wz Other multiphoton processes
- 33.90.+h Other topics in molecular properties and interactions with photons
- 34.10.+x General theories and models of atomic and molecular collisions and interactions (including statistical theories, transition state, stochastic and trajectory models, etc.)
- 34.20.-b Interatomic and intermolecular potentials and forces, potential energy surfaces for collisions
- 34.20.Cf Interatomic potentials and forces
- 34.20.Gj Intermolecular and atom-molecule potentials and forces
- 34.20.Mq Potential energy surfaces for collisions
- 34.30.+h Intramolecular energy transfer; intramolecular dynamics; dynamics of van der Waals molecules
- 34.35.+a Interactions of atoms and molecules with surfaces
- 34.50.-s Scattering of atoms and molecules
- 34.50.Bw Energy loss and stopping power
- 34.50.Cx Elastic; ultracold collisions
- 34.50.Dy Interactions of atoms and molecules with surfaces; photon and electron emission; neutralization of ions
- 34.50.Ez Rotational and vibrational energy transfer
- 34.50.Fa Electronic excitation and ionization of atoms (including beam-foil excitation and ionization)
- 34.50.Gb Electronic excitation and ionization of molecules
- 34.50.Lf Chemical reactions
- 34.50.Pi State-to-state scattering analyses
- 34.50.Rk Laser-modified scattering and reactions
- 34.60.+z Scattering in highly excited states (e.g., Rydberg states)
- 34.70.+e Charge transfer
- 34.80.-i Electron and positron scattering
- 34.80.Bm Elastic scattering
- 34.80.Dp Atomic excitation and ionization
- 34.80.Gs Molecular excitation and ionization
- 34.80.Ht Dissociation and dissociative attachment
- 34.80.Kw Electron-ion scattering; excitation and ionization
- 34.80.Lx Recombination, attachment, and positronium formation
- 34.80.My Fundamental electron inelastic processes in weakly ionized gases
- 34.80.Nz Spin dependence of cross sections; polarized beam experiments
- 34.80.Pa Coherence and correlation
- 34.80.Qb Laser-modified scattering
- 34.80.Uv Positron scattering
- 34.85.+x Positron scattering
- 34.90.+q Other topics in atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions
- 36.10.-k Exotic atoms and molecules (containing mesons, antiprotons and other unusual particles)
- 36.10.Dr Positronium
- 36.10.Ee Muonium, muonic atoms and molecules
- 36.10.Gv Mesonic, hyperonic and antiprotonic atoms and molecules
- 36.20.-r Macromolecules and polymer molecules
- 36.20.Cw Molecular weights, dispersity
- 36.20.Ey Conformation (statistics and dynamics)
- 36.20.Fz Constitution (chains and sequences)
- 36.20.Hb Configuration (bonds, dimensions)
- 36.20.Kd Electronic structure and spectra
- 36.20.Ng Vibrational and rotational structure, infrared and Raman spectra
- 36.40.-c Atomic and molecular clusters
- 36.40.Cg Electronic and magnetic properties of clusters
- 36.40.Ei Phase transitions in clusters
- 36.40.Gk Plasma and collective effects in clusters
- 36.40.Jn Reactivity of clusters
- 36.40.Mr Spectroscopy and geometrical structure of clusters
- 36.40.Qv Stability and fragmentation of clusters
- 36.40.Sx Diffusion and dynamics of clusters
- 36.40.Vz Optical properties of clusters
- 36.40.Wa Charged clusters
- 36.90.+f Other topics in exotic atoms and molecules; macromolecules; clusters
- 37.10.-x Atom, molecule, and ion cooling methods
- 37.10.De Atom cooling methods
- 37.10.Gh Atom traps and guides
- 37.10.Jk Atoms in optical lattices
- 37.10.Mn Slowing and cooling of molecules
- 37.10.Pq Trapping of molecules
- 37.10.Rs Ion cooling
- 37.10.Ty Ion trapping
- 37.10.Vz Mechanical effects of light on atoms, molecules, and ions
- 37.20.+j Atomic and molecular beam sources and techniques
- 37.25.+k Atom interferometry techniques
- 37.30.+i Atoms, molecules, and ions in cavities
- 37.90.+j Other topics in mechanical control of atoms, molecules, and ions
- 39.10.+j Atomic and molecular beam sources and techniques
- 39.20.+q Atom interferometry techniques
- 39.25.+k Atom manipulation
- 39.30.+w Spectroscopic techniques
- 39.90.+d Other instrumentation and techniques for atomic and molecular physics
- 41.20.-q Applied classical electromagnetism
- 41.20.Cv Electrostatics; Poisson and Laplace equations, boundary-value problems
- 41.20.Gz Magnetostatics; magnetic shielding, magnetic induction, boundary-value problems
- 41.20.Jb Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation
- 41.50.+h X-ray beams and x-ray optics
- 41.60.-m Radiation by moving charges
- 41.60.Ap Synchrotron radiation
- 41.60.Bq Cherenkov radiation
- 41.60.Cr Free-electron lasers
- 41.60.Dk Transition radiation
- 41.75.-i Charged-particle beams
- 41.75.Ak Positive-ion beams
- 41.75.Cn Negative-ion beams
- 41.75.Fr Electron and positron beams
- 41.75.Ht Relativistic electron and positron beams
- 41.75.Jv Laser-driven acceleration
- 41.75.Lx Other advanced accelerator concepts
- 41.85.-p Beam optics
- 41.85.Ar Particle beam extraction, beam injection
- 41.85.Ct Particle beam shaping, beam splitting
- 41.85.Ew Particle beam profile, beam intensity
- 41.85.Gy Chromatic and geometrical aberrations
- 41.85.Ja Particle beam transport
- 41.85.Lc Particle beam focusing and bending magnets, wiggler magnets, and quadrupoles
- 41.85.Ne Electrostatic lenses, septa
- 41.85.Qg Particle beam analyzers, beam monitors, and Faraday cups
- 41.85.Si Particle beam collimators, monochromators
- 41.90.+e Other topics in electromagnetism; electron and ion optics
- 42.15.-i Geometrical optics
- 42.15.Dp Wave fronts and ray tracing
- 42.15.Eq Optical system design
- 42.15.Fr Aberrations
- 42.25.-p Wave optics
- 42.25.Bs Wave propagation, transmission and absorption
- 42.25.Dd Wave propagation in random media
- 42.25.Fx Diffraction and scattering
- 42.25.Gy Edge and boundary effects; reflection and refraction
- 42.25.Hz Interference
- 42.25.Ja Polarization
- 42.25.Kb Coherence
- 42.25.Lc Birefringence
- 42.30.-d Imaging and optical processing
- 42.30.Kq Fourier optics
- 42.30.Lr Modulation and optical transfer functions
- 42.30.Ms Speckle and moiré patterns
- 42.30.Rx Phase retrieval
- 42.30.Sy Pattern recognition
- 42.30.Tz Computer vision; robotic vision
- 42.30.Va Image forming and processing
- 42.30.Wb Image reconstruction; tomography
- 42.40.-i Holography
- 42.40.Eq Holographic optical elements; holographic gratings
- 42.40.Ht Hologram recording and readout methods
- 42.40.Jv Computer-generated holograms
- 42.40.Kw Holographic interferometry; other holographic techniques
- 42.40.Lx Diffraction efficiency, resolution, and other hologram characteristics
- 42.40.My Applications
- 42.40.Pa Volume holograms
- 42.50.-p Quantum optics
- 42.50.Ar Photon statistics and coherence theory
- 42.50.Ct Quantum description of interaction of light and matter; related experiments
- 42.50.Dv Quantum state engineering and measurements
- 42.50.Ex Optical implementations of quantum information processing and transfer
- 42.50.Fx Cooperative phenomena in quantum optical systems
- 42.50.Gy Effects of atomic coherence on propagation, absorption, and amplification of light; electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption
- 42.50.Hz Strong-field excitation of optical transitions in quantum systems; multiphoton processes; dynamic Stark shift
- 42.50.Lc Quantum fluctuations, quantum noise, and quantum jumps
- 42.50.Md Optical transient phenomena: quantum beats, photon echo, free-induction decay, dephasings and revivals, optical nutation, and self-induced transparency
- 42.50.Nn Quantum optical phenomena in absorbing, amplifying, dispersive and conducting media; cooperative phenomena in quantum optical systems
- 42.50.Pq Cavity quantum electrodynamics; micromasers
- 42.50.St Nonclassical interferometry, subwavelength lithography
- 42.50.Tx Optical angular momentum and its quantum aspects
- 42.50.Vk Mechanical effects of light on atoms, molecules, electrons, and ions
- 42.50.Wk Mechanical effects of light on material media, microstructures and particles
- 42.50.Xa Optical tests of quantum theory
- 42.55.-f Lasers
- 42.55.Ah General laser theory
- 42.55.Ks Chemical lasers
- 42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
- 42.55.Mv Dye lasers
- 42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
- 42.55.Rz Doped-insulator lasers and other solid state lasers
- 42.55.Sa Microcavity and microdisk lasers
- 42.55.Tv Photonic crystal lasers and coherent effects
- 42.55.Vc X- and γ-ray lasers
- 42.55.Wd Fiber lasers
- 42.55.Xi Diode-pumped lasers
- 42.55.Ye Raman lasers
- 42.55.Zz Random lasers
- 42.60.-v Laser optical systems: design and operation
- 42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
- 42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
- 42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
- 42.60.Gd Q-switching
- 42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial pattern formation
- 42.60.Lh Efficiency, stability, gain, and other operational parameters
- 42.60.Mi Dynamical laser instabilities; noisy laser behavior
- 42.60.Pk Continuous operation
- 42.60.Rn Relaxation oscillations and long pulse operation
- 42.62.-b Laser applications
- 42.62.Be Biological and medical applications
- 42.62.Cf Industrial applications
- 42.62.Eh Metrological applications; optical frequency synthesizers for precision spectroscopy
- 42.62.Fi Laser spectroscopy
- 42.65.-k Nonlinear optics
- 42.65.An Optical susceptibility, hyperpolarizability
- 42.65.Dr Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS
- 42.65.Es Stimulated Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering
- 42.65.Hw Phase conjugation; photorefractive and Kerr effects
- 42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing and defocusing; self-phase modulation
- 42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
- 42.65.Lm Parametric down conversion and production of entangled photons
- 42.65.Pc Optical bistability, multistability, and switching, including local field effects
- 42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
- 42.65.Sf Dynamics of nonlinear optical systems; optical instabilities, optical chaos and complexity, and optical spatio-temporal dynamics
- 42.65.Tg Optical solitons; nonlinear guided waves
- 42.65.Wi Nonlinear waveguides
- 42.65.Yj Optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers
- 42.66.-p Physiological optics
- 42.66.Ct Anatomy and optics of eye
- 42.66.Ew Physiology of eye; optic-nerve structure and function
- 42.66.Lc Vision: light detection, adaptation, and discrimination
- 42.66.Ne Color vision: color detection, adaptation, and discrimination
- 42.66.Qg Scales for light and color detection
- 42.66.Si Psychophysics of vision, visual perception; binocular vision
- 42.68.-w Atmospheric and ocean optics
- 42.68.Ay Propagation, transmission, attenuation, and radiative transfer
- 42.68.Bz Atmospheric turbulence effects
- 42.68.Ca Spectral absorption by atmospheric gases
- 42.68.Ge Effects of clouds and water; ice crystal phenomena
- 42.68.Jg Effects of aerosols
- 42.68.Kh Effects of air pollution
- 42.68.Mj Scattering, polarization
- 42.68.Sq Image transmission and formation
- 42.68.Wt Remote sensing; LIDAR and adaptive systems
- 42.68.Xy Ocean optics
- 42.70.-a Optical materials
- 42.70.Ce Glasses, quartz
- 42.70.Df Liquid crystals
- 42.70.Gi Light-sensitive materials
- 42.70.Hj Laser materials
- 42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
- 42.70.Km Infrared transmitting materials
- 42.70.Ln Holographic recording materials; optical storage media
- 42.70.Mp Nonlinear optical crystals
- 42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials
- 42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
- 42.72.-g Optical sources and standards
- 42.72.Ai Infrared sources
- 42.72.Bj Visible and ultraviolet sources
- 42.79.-e Optical elements, devices, and systems
- 42.79.Ag Apertures, collimators
- 42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors
- 42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers
- 42.79.Dj Gratings
- 42.79.Ek Solar collectors and concentrators
- 42.79.Fm Reflectors, beam splitters, and deflectors
- 42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
- 42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators
- 42.79.Jq Acousto-optical devices
- 42.79.Kr Display devices, liquid-crystal devices
- 42.79.Ls Scanners, image intensifiers, and image converters
- 42.79.Mt Schlieren devices
- 42.79.Nv Optical frequency converters
- 42.79.Pw Imaging detectors and sensors
- 42.79.Qx Range finders, remote sensing devices; laser Doppler velocimeters, SAR, and LIDAR
- 42.79.Ry Gradient-index
- 42.79.Sz Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers
- 42.79.Ta Optical computers, logic elements, interconnects, switches; neural networks
- 42.79.Vb Optical storage systems, optical disks
- 42.79.Wc Optical coatings
- 42.81.-i Fiber optics
- 42.81.Bm Fabrication, cladding, and splicing
- 42.81.Cn Fiber testing and measurement of fiber parameters
- 42.81.Dp Propagation, scattering, and losses; solitons
- 42.81.Gs Birefringence, polarization
- 42.81.Ht Gradient-index (GRIN) fiber devices
- 42.81.Pa Sensors, gyros
- 42.81.Qb Fiber waveguides, couplers, and arrays
- 42.81.Uv Fiber networks
- 42.81.Wg Other fiber-optical devices
- 42.82.-m Integrated optics
- 42.82.Bq Design and performance testing of integrated-optical systems
- 42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer
- 42.82.Ds Interconnects, including holographic interconnects
- 42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays
- 42.82.Fv Hybrid systems
- 42.82.Gw Other integrated-optical elements and systems
- 42.86.+b Optical workshop techniques
- 42.87.-d Optical testing techniques
- 42.87.Bg Phase shifting interferometry
- 42.88.+h Environmental and radiation effects on optical elements, devices, and systems
- 42.90.+m Other topics in optics
- 43.05.-k Acoustical Society of America
- 43.05.Bp Constitution and bylaws
- 43.05.Dr History
- 43.05.Ft Honorary members
- 43.05.Gv Publications, ARLO, Echoes, ASA Web page, electronic archives and references
- 43.05.Hw Meetings
- 43.05.Ky Members and membership lists, personal notes, fellows
- 43.05.Ma Administrative committee activities
- 43.05.Nb Technical committee activities; Technical Council
- 43.05.Pc Prizes, medals, and other awards
- 43.05.Re Regional chapters
- 43.05.Sf Obituaries
- 43.10.-a General
- 43.10.Ce Conferences, lectures, and announcements
- 43.10.Df Other acoustical societies and their publications, online journals, and other electronic publications
- 43.10.Eg Biographical, historical, and personal notes
- 43.10.Gi Editorials, Forum
- 43.10.Hj Books and book reviews
- 43.10.Jk Bibliographies
- 43.10.Km Patents
- 43.10.Ln Surveys and tutorial papers relating to acoustics research; tutorial papers on applied acoustics
- 43.10.Mq Tutorial papers of historical and philosophical nature
- 43.10.Nq News with relevance to acoustics, nonacoustical theories of interest to acoustics
- 43.10.Pr Information technology, internet, nonacoustical devices of interest to acoustics
- 43.10.Qs Notes relating to acoustics as a profession
- 43.10.Sv Education in acoustics, tutorial papers of interest to acoustics educators
- 43.10.Vx Errata
- 43.15.+s Standards
- 43.20.+g General linear acoustics
- 43.20.-f General linear acoustics
- 43.20.Bi Mathematical theory of wave propagation
- 43.20.Dk Ray acoustics
- 43.20.El Reflection, refraction, diffraction of acoustic waves
- 43.20.Fn Scattering of acoustic waves
- 43.20.Gp Reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, and scattering of elastic and poroelastic waves
- 43.20.Hq Velocity and attenuation of acoustic waves
- 43.20.Jr Velocity and attenuation of elastic and poroelastic waves
- 43.20.Ks Standing waves, resonance, normal modes
- 43.20.Mv Waveguides, wave propagation in tubes and ducts
- 43.20.Px Transient radiation and scattering
- 43.20.Rz Steady-state radiation from sources, impedance, radiation patterns, boundary element methods
- 43.20.Tb Interaction of vibrating structures with surrounding medium
- 43.20.Wd Analogies
- 43.20.Ye Measurement methods and instrumentation
- 43.25.+y Nonlinear acoustics
- 43.25.-x Nonlinear acoustics
- 43.25.Ba Parameters of nonlinearity of the medium
- 43.25.Cb Macrosonic propagation, finite amplitude sound; shock waves
- 43.25.Dc Nonlinear acoustics of solids
- 43.25.Ed Effect of nonlinearity on velocity and attenuation
- 43.25.Fe Effect of nonlinearity on acoustic surface waves
- 43.25.Gf Standing waves; resonance
- 43.25.Hg Interaction of intense sound waves with noise
- 43.25.Jh Reflection, refraction, interference, scattering, and diffraction of intense sound waves
- 43.25.Lj Parametric arrays, interaction of sound with sound, virtual sources
- 43.25.Nm Acoustic streaming
- 43.25.Qp Radiation pressure
- 43.25.Rq Solitons, chaos
- 43.25.Ts Nonlinear acoustical and dynamical systems
- 43.25.Uv Acoustic levitation
- 43.25.Vt Intense sound sources
- 43.25.Yw Nonlinear acoustics of bubbly liquids
- 43.25.Zx Measurement methods and instrumentation for nonlinear acoustics
- 43.28.+h Aeroacoustics and atmospheric sound
- 43.28.-g Aeroacoustics and atmospheric sound
- 43.28.Bj Mechanisms affecting sound propagation in air, sound speed in the air
- 43.28.Dm Infrasound and acoustic-gravity waves
- 43.28.En Interaction of sound with ground surfaces, ground cover and topography, acoustic impedance of outdoor surfaces
- 43.28.Fp Outdoor sound propagation through a stationary atmosphere, meteorological factors
- 43.28.Gq Outdoor sound propagation and scattering in a turbulent atmosphere, and in non-uniform flow fields
- 43.28.Hr Outdoor sound sources
- 43.28.Js Numerical models for outdoor propagation
- 43.28.Kt Aerothermoacoustics and combustion acoustics
- 43.28.Lv Statistical characteristics of sound fields and propagation parameters
- 43.28.Mw Shock and blast waves, sonic boom
- 43.28.Py Interaction of fluid motion and sound, Doppler effect, and sound in flow ducts
- 43.28.Ra Generation of sound by fluid flow, aerodynamic sound and turbulence
- 43.28.Tc Sound-in-air measurements, methods and instrumentation for location, navigation, altimetry, and sound ranging
- 43.28.Vd Measurement methods and instrumentation to determine or evaluate atmospheric parameters, winds, turbulence, temperatures, and pollutants in air
- 43.28.We Measurement methods and instrumentation for remote sensing and for inverse problems
- 43.30.+m Underwater sound
- 43.30.-k Underwater sound
- 43.30.Bp Normal mode propagation of sound in water
- 43.30.Cq Ray propagation of sound in water
- 43.30.Dr Hybrid and asymptotic propagation theories, related experiments
- 43.30.Es Velocity, attenuation, refraction, and diffraction in water, Doppler effect
- 43.30.Ft Volume scattering
- 43.30.Gv Backscattering, echoes, and reverberation in water due to combinations of boundaries
- 43.30.Hw Rough interface scattering
- 43.30.Jx Radiation from objects vibrating under water, acoustic and mechanical impedance
- 43.30.Ky Structures and materials for absorbing sound in water; propagation in fluid-filled permeable material
- 43.30.Lz Underwater applications of nonlinear acoustics; explosions
- 43.30.Ma Acoustics of sediments; ice covers, viscoelastic media; seismic underwater acoustics
- 43.30.Nb Noise in water; generation mechanisms and characteristics of the field
- 43.30.Pc Ocean parameter estimation by acoustical methods; remote sensing; imaging, inversion, acoustic tomography
- 43.30.Qd Global scale acoustics; ocean basin thermometry, transbasin acoustics
- 43.30.Re Signal coherence or fluctuation due to sound propagation/scattering in the ocean
- 43.30.Sf Acoustical detection of marine life; passive and active
- 43.30.Tg Navigational instruments using underwater sound
- 43.30.Vh Active sonar systems
- 43.30.Wi Passive sonar systems and algorithms, matched field processing in underwater acoustics
- 43.30.Xm Underwater measurement and calibration instrumentation and procedures
- 43.30.Yj Transducers and transducer arrays for underwater sound; transducer calibration
- 43.30.Zk Experimental modeling
- 43.35.+d Ultrasonics, quantum acoustics, and physical effects of sound
- 43.35.-c Ultrasonics, quantum acoustics, and physical effects of sound
- 43.35.Ae Ultrasonic velocity, dispersion, scattering, diffraction, and attenuation in gases
- 43.35.Bf Ultrasonic velocity, dispersion, scattering, diffraction, and attenuation in liquids, liquid crystals, suspensions, and emulsions
- 43.35.Cg Ultrasonic velocity, dispersion, scattering, diffraction, and attenuation in solids; elastic constants
- 43.35.Dh Pretersonics (sound of frequency above 10 GHz); Brillouin scattering
- 43.35.Ei Acoustic cavitation in liquids
- 43.35.Fj Ultrasonic relaxation processes in gases, liquids, and solids
- 43.35.Gk Phonons in crystal lattices, quantum acoustics
- 43.35.Hl Sonoluminescence
- 43.35.Kp Plasma acoustics
- 43.35.Lq Low-temperature acoustics, sound in liquid helium
- 43.35.Mr Acoustics of viscoelastic materials
- 43.35.Ns Acoustical properties of thin films
- 43.35.Pt Surface waves in solids and liquids
- 43.35.Rw Magnetoacoustic effect; oscillations and resonance
- 43.35.Sx Acoustooptical effects, optoacoustics, acoustical visualization, acoustical microscopy, and acoustical holography
- 43.35.Ty Other physical effects of sound
- 43.35.Ud Thermoacoustics, high temperature acoustics, photoacoustic effect
- 43.35.Vz Chemical effects of ultrasound
- 43.35.Wa Biological effects of ultrasound, ultrasonic tomography
- 43.35.Xd Nuclear acoustical resonance, acoustical magnetic resonance
- 43.35.Yb Ultrasonic instrumentation and measurement techniques
- 43.35.Zc Use of ultrasonics in nondestructive testing, industrial processes, and industrial products
- 43.38.+n Transduction; acoustical devices for the generation and reproduction of sound
- 43.38.-p Transduction; acoustical devices for the generation and reproduction of sound
- 43.38.Ar Transducing principles, materials, and structures: general
- 43.38.Bs Electrostatic transducers
- 43.38.Ct Magnetostrictive transducers
- 43.38.Dv Electromagnetic and electrodynamic transducers
- 43.38.Ew Feedback transducers
- 43.38.Fx Piezoelectric and ferroelectric transducers
- 43.38.Gy Semiconductor transducers
- 43.38.Hz Transducer arrays, acoustic interaction effects in arrays
- 43.38.Ja Loudspeakers and horns, practical sound sources
- 43.38.Kb Microphones and their calibration
- 43.38.Lc Amplifiers, attenuators, and audio controls
- 43.38.Md Sound recording and reproducing systems, general concepts
- 43.38.Ne Mechanical, optical, and photographic recording and reproducing systems
- 43.38.Pf Hydroacoustic and hydraulic transducers
- 43.38.Qg Magnetic and electrostatic recording and reproducing systems
- 43.38.Rh Surface acoustic wave transducers
- 43.38.Si Telephones, earphones, sound power telephones, and intercommunication systems
- 43.38.Tj Public address systems, sound-reinforcement systems
- 43.38.Vk Stereophonic reproduction
- 43.38.Wl Broadcasting (radio and television)
- 43.38.Yn Impulse transducers
- 43.38.Zp Acoustooptic and photoacoustic transducers
- 43.40.+s Structural acoustics and vibration
- 43.40.-r Structural acoustics and vibration
- 43.40.At Experimental and theoretical studies of vibrating systems
- 43.40.Cw Vibrations of strings, rods, and beams
- 43.40.Dx Vibrations of membranes and plates
- 43.40.Ey Vibrations of shells
- 43.40.Fz Acoustic scattering by elastic structures
- 43.40.Ga Nonlinear vibration
- 43.40.Hb Random vibration
- 43.40.Jc Shock and shock reduction and absorption
- 43.40.Kd Impact and impact reduction, mechanical transients
- 43.40.Le Techniques for nondestructive evaluation and monitoring, acoustic emission
- 43.40.Ng Effects of vibration and shock on biological systems, including man
- 43.40.Ph Seismology and geophysical prospecting; seismographs
- 43.40.Qi Effect of sound on structures, fatigue; spatial statistics of structural vibration
- 43.40.Rj Radiation from vibrating structures into fluid media
- 43.40.Sk Inverse problems in structural acoustics and vibration
- 43.40.Tm Vibration isolators, attenuators, and dampers
- 43.40.Vn Active vibration control
- 43.40.Yq Instrumentation and techniques for tests and measurement relating to shock and vibration, including vibration pickups, indicators, and generators, mechanical impedance
- 43.50.+y Noise: its effects and control
- 43.50.-x Noise: its effects and control
- 43.50.Ba Noisiness: rating methods and criteria
- 43.50.Cb Noise spectra, determination of sound power
- 43.50.Ed Noise generation
- 43.50.Fe Noise masking systems
- 43.50.Gf Noise control at source: redesign, application of absorptive materials and reactive elements, mufflers, noise silencers, noise barriers, and attenuators, etc.
- 43.50.Hg Noise control at the ear
- 43.50.Jh Noise in buildings and general machinery noise
- 43.50.Ki Active noise control
- 43.50.Lj Transportation noise sources: air, road, rail, and marine vehicles
- 43.50.Nm Aerodynamic and jet noise
- 43.50.Pn Impulse noise and noise due to impact
- 43.50.Qp Effects of noise on man and society
- 43.50.Rq Environmental noise, measurement, analysis, statistical characteristics
- 43.50.Sr Community noise, noise zoning, by-laws, and legislation
- 43.50.Vt Topographical and meteorological factors in noise propagation
- 43.50.Yw Instrumentation and techniques for noise measurement and analysis
- 43.55.+p Architectural acoustics
- 43.55.-n Architectural acoustics
- 43.55.Br Room acoustics: theory and experiment; reverberation, normal modes, diffusion, transient and steady-state response
- 43.55.Cs Stationary response of rooms to noise; spatial statistics of room response; random testing
- 43.55.Dt Sound absorption in enclosures: theory and measurement; use of absorption in offices, commercial and domestic spaces
- 43.55.Ev Sound absorption properties of materials: theory and measurement of sound absorption coefficients; acoustic impedance and admittance
- 43.55.Fw Auditorium and enclosure design
- 43.55.Gx Studies of existing auditoria and enclosures
- 43.55.Hy Subjective effects in room acoustics, speech in rooms
- 43.55.Jz Sound-reinforcement systems for rooms and enclosures
- 43.55.Ka Computer simulation of acoustics in enclosures, modeling
- 43.55.Lb Electrical simulation of reverberation
- 43.55.Mc Room acoustics measuring instruments, computer measurement of room properties
- 43.55.Nd Reverberation room design: theory, applications to measurements of sound absorption, transmission loss, sound power
- 43.55.Pe Anechoic chamber design, wedges
- 43.55.Rg Sound transmission through walls and through ducts: theory and measurement
- 43.55.Ti Sound-isolating structures, values of transmission coefficients
- 43.55.Vj Vibration-isolating supports in building acoustics
- 43.55.Wk Damping of panels
- 43.58.+z Acoustical measurements and instrumentation
- 43.58.-e Acoustical measurements and instrumentation (see also specific sections for specialized instrumentation)
- 43.58.Bh Acoustic impedance measurement
- 43.58.Dj Sound velocity
- 43.58.Fm Sound level meters, level recorders, sound pressure, particle velocity, and sound intensity measurements, meters, and controllers
- 43.58.Gn Acoustic impulse analyzers and measurements
- 43.58.Hp Tuning forks, frequency standards; frequency measuring and recording instruments; time standards and chronographs
- 43.58.Jq Wave and tone synthesizers
- 43.58.Kr Spectrum and frequency analyzers and filters; acoustical and electrical oscillographs; photoacoustic spectrometers; acoustical delay lines and resonators
- 43.58.Ls Acoustical lenses and microscopes
- 43.58.Mt Phase meters
- 43.58.Pw Rayleigh disks
- 43.58.Ry Distortion: frequency, nonlinear, phase, and transient; measurement of distortion
- 43.58.Ta Computers and computer programs in acoustics
- 43.58.Vb Calibration of acoustical devices and systems
- 43.58.Wc Electrical and mechanical oscillators
- 43.60.+d Acoustic signal processing
- 43.60.-c Acoustic signal processing
- 43.60.Ac Theory of acoustic signal processing
- 43.60.Bf Acoustic signal detection and classification, applications to control systems
- 43.60.Cg Statistical properties of signals and noise
- 43.60.Dh Signal processing for communications: telephony and telemetry, sound pickup and reproduction, multimedia
- 43.60.Ek Acoustic signal coding, morphology, and transformation
- 43.60.Fg Acoustic array systems and processing, beam-forming
- 43.60.Gk Space-time signal processing, other than matched field processing
- 43.60.Hj Time-frequency signal processing, wavelets
- 43.60.Jn Source localization and parameter estimation
- 43.60.Kx Matched field processing
- 43.60.Lq Acoustic imaging, displays, pattern recognition, feature extraction
- 43.60.Mn Adaptive processing
- 43.60.Np Acoustic signal processing techniques for neural nets and learning systems
- 43.60.Pt Signal processing techniques for acoustic inverse problems
- 43.60.Qv Signal processing instrumentation, integrated systems, smart transducers, devices and architectures, displays and interfaces for acoustic systems
- 43.60.Rw Remote sensing methods, acoustic tomography
- 43.60.Sx Acoustic holography
- 43.60.Tj Wave front reconstruction, acoustic time-reversal, and phase conjugation
- 43.60.Uv Model-based signal processing
- 43.60.Vx Acoustic sensing and acquisition
- 43.60.Wy Non-stationary signal analysis, non-linear systems, and higher order
- 43.64.+r Physiological acoustics
- 43.64.-q Physiological acoustics
- 43.64.Bt Models and theories of the auditory system
- 43.64.Dw Anatomy of the cochlea and auditory nerve
- 43.64.Fy Anatomy of the auditory central nervous system
- 43.64.Gz Biochemistry and pharmacology of the auditory system
- 43.64.Ha Acoustical properties of the outer ear; middle-ear mechanics and reflex
- 43.64.Jb Otoacoustic emissions
- 43.64.Kc Cochlear mechanics
- 43.64.Ld Physiology of hair cells
- 43.64.Me Effects of electrical stimulation, cochlear implant
- 43.64.Nf Cochlear electrophysiology
- 43.64.Pg Electrophysiology of the auditory nerve
- 43.64.Qh Electrophysiology of the auditory central nervous system
- 43.64.Ri Evoked responses to sounds
- 43.64.Sj Neural responses to speech
- 43.64.Tk Physiology of sound generation and detection by animals
- 43.64.Vm Physiology of the somatosensory system
- 43.64.Wn Effects of noise and trauma on the auditory system
- 43.64.Yp Instruments and methods
- 43.66.+y Psychological acoustics
- 43.66.-x Psychological acoustics
- 43.66.Ba Models and theories of auditory processes
- 43.66.Cb Loudness, absolute threshold
- 43.66.Dc Masking
- 43.66.Ed Auditory fatigue, temporary threshold shift
- 43.66.Fe Discrimination: intensity and frequency
- 43.66.Gf Detection and discrimination of sound by animals
- 43.66.Hg Pitch
- 43.66.Jh Timbre, timbre in musical acoustics
- 43.66.Ki Subjective tones
- 43.66.Lj Perceptual effects of sound
- 43.66.Mk Temporal and sequential aspects of hearing; auditory grouping in relation to music
- 43.66.Nm Phase effects
- 43.66.Pn Binaural hearing
- 43.66.Qp Localization of sound sources
- 43.66.Rq Dichotic listening
- 43.66.Sr Deafness, audiometry, aging effects
- 43.66.Ts Auditory prostheses, hearing aids
- 43.66.Vt Hearing protection
- 43.66.Wv Vibration and tactile senses
- 43.66.Yw Instruments and methods related to hearing and its measurement
- 43.70.+i Speech production
- 43.70.-h Speech production
- 43.70.Aj Anatomy and physiology of the vocal tract, speech aerodynamics, auditory kinetics
- 43.70.Bk Models and theories of speech production
- 43.70.Dn Disordered speech
- 43.70.Ep Development of speech production
- 43.70.Fq Acoustical correlates of phonetic segments and suprasegmental properties: stress, timing, and intonation
- 43.70.Gr Larynx anatomy and function; voice production characteristics
- 43.70.Jt Instrumentation and methodology for speech production research
- 43.70.Kv Cross-linguistic speech production and acoustics
- 43.70.Mn Relations between speech production and perception
- 43.71.+m Speech perception
- 43.71.-k Speech perception
- 43.71.An Models and theories of speech perception
- 43.71.Bp Perception of voice and talker characteristics
- 43.71.Es Vowel and consonant perception; perception of words, sentences, and fluent speech
- 43.71.Ft Development of speech perception
- 43.71.Gv Measures of speech perception (intelligibility and quality)
- 43.71.Hw Cross-language perception of speech
- 43.71.Ky Speech perception by the hearing impaired
- 43.71.Lz Speech perception by the aging
- 43.71.Ma Visual and tactile speech perception
- 43.71.Pc Peripheral and central mechanisms in speech perception
- 43.71.Qr Neurophysiology of speech perception
- 43.71.Rt Sensory mechanisms in speech perception
- 43.71.Sy Spoken language processing by humans
- 43.72.+q Speech processing and communication systems
- 43.72.-p Speech processing and communication systems
- 43.72.Ar Speech analysis and analysis techniques; parametric representation of speech
- 43.72.Bs Neural networks for speech recognition
- 43.72.Ct Acoustical methods for determining vocal tract shapes
- 43.72.Dv Speech-noise interaction
- 43.72.Ew Speech enhancement techniques
- 43.72.Fx Talker identification and adaptation algorithms
- 43.72.Gy Narrow, medium, and wideband speech coding
- 43.72.Ja Speech synthesis and synthesis techniques
- 43.72.Kb Speech communication systems and dialogue systems
- 43.72.Lc Time and frequency alignment procedures for speech
- 43.72.Ne Automatic speech recognition systems
- 43.72.Pf Automatic talker recognition systems
- 43.72.Qr Auditory synthesis and recognition
- 43.72.Uv Forensic acoustics
- 43.75.+a Music and musical instruments
- 43.75.-z Music and musical instruments
- 43.75.Bc Scales, intonation, vibrato, composition
- 43.75.Cd Music perception and cognition
- 43.75.De Bowed stringed instruments
- 43.75.Ef Woodwinds
- 43.75.Fg Brass instruments and other lip-vibrated instruments
- 43.75.Gh Plucked string instruments
- 43.75.Hi Drums
- 43.75.Kk Bells, gongs, cymbals, mallet percussion, and similar instruments
- 43.75.Lm Free reed instruments
- 43.75.Mn Pianos and other struck string instruments
- 43.75.Np Pipe organs
- 43.75.Pq Reed woodwind instruments
- 43.75.Qr Flutes and similar wind instruments
- 43.75.Rs Singing
- 43.75.St Musical performance, training, and analysis
- 43.75.Tv Electro-acoustic and electronic instruments
- 43.75.Wx Electronic and computer music
- 43.75.Xz Automatic music recognition, classification, and information retrieval
- 43.75.Yy Instrumentation and measurement methods for musical acoustics
- 43.75.Zz Analysis, synthesis, and processing of musical sounds
- 43.80.+p Bioacoustics
- 43.80.-n Bioacoustics
- 43.80.Cs Acoustical characteristics of biological media: molecular species, cellular level tissues
- 43.80.Ev Acoustical measurement methods in biological systems and media
- 43.80.Gx Mechanisms of action of acoustic energy on biological systems: physical processes, sites of action
- 43.80.Jz Use of acoustic energy
- 43.80.Ka Sound production by animals: mechanisms, characteristics, populations, biosonar
- 43.80.Lb Sound reception by animals: anatomy, physiology, auditory capacities, processing
- 43.80.Nd Effects of noise on animals and associated behavior, protective mechanisms
- 43.80.Pe Agroacoustics
- 43.80.Qf Medical diagnosis with acoustics
- 43.80.Sh Medical use of ultrasonics for tissue modification
- 43.80.Vj Acoustical medical instrumentation and measurement techniques
- 43.90.+v Other topics in acoustics
- 44.05.+e Analytical and numerical techniques
- 44.10.+i Heat conduction
- 44.15.+a Channel and internal heat flow
- 44.20.+b Boundary layer heat flow
- 44.25.+f Natural convection
- 44.27.+g Forced convection
- 44.30.+v Heat flow in porous media
- 44.35.+c Heat flow in multiphase systems
- 44.40.+a Thermal radiation
- 44.90.+c Other topics in heat transfer
- 45.05.+x General theory of classical mechanics of discrete systems
- 45.10.-b Computational methods in classical mechanics
- 45.10.Db Variational and optimization methods
- 45.10.Hj Perturbation and fractional calculus methods
- 45.10.Na Geometrical and tensorial methods
- 45.20.-d Formalisms in classical mechanics
- 45.20.D- Newtonian mechanics
- 45.20.Dd Newtonian mechanics
- 45.20.Jj Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics
- 45.20.da Forces and torques
- 45.20.dc Rotational dynamics
- 45.20.df Momentum conservation
- 45.20.dg Mechanical energy, work, and power
- 45.20.dh Energy conservation
- 45.30.+s General linear dynamical systems
- 45.40.-f Dynamics and kinematics of rigid bodies
- 45.40.Aa Translation kinematics
- 45.40.Bb Rotational kinematics
- 45.40.Cc Rigid body and gyroscope motion
- 45.40.Gj Ballistics (projectiles; rockets)
- 45.40.Ln Robotics
- 45.50.-j Dynamics and kinematics of a particle and a system of particles
- 45.50.Dd General motion
- 45.50.Jf Few- and many-body systems
- 45.50.Pk Celestial mechanics
- 45.50.Tn Collisions
- 45.70.-n Granular systems
- 45.70.Cc Static sandpiles; granular compaction
- 45.70.Ht Avalanches
- 45.70.Mg Granular flow: mixing, segregation and stratification
- 45.70.Qj Pattern formation
- 45.70.Vn Granular models of complex systems; traffic flow
- 45.80.+r Control of mechanical systems
- 45.90.+t Other topics in classical mechanics of discrete systems
- 46.05.+b General theory of continuum mechanics of solids
- 46.15.-x Computational methods in continuum mechanics
- 46.15.Cc Variational and optimizational methods
- 46.15.Ff Perturbation and complex analysis methods
- 46.25.-y Static elasticity
- 46.25.Cc Theoretical studies
- 46.25.Hf Thermoelasticity and electromagnetic elasticity (electroelasticity, magnetoelasticity)
- 46.32.+x Static buckling and instability
- 46.35.+z Viscoelasticity, plasticity, viscoplasticity
- 46.40.-f Vibrations and mechanical waves
- 46.40.Cd Mechanical wave propagation (including diffraction, scattering, and dispersion)
- 46.40.Ff Resonance, damping, and dynamic stability
- 46.40.Jj Aeroelasticity and hydroelasticity
- 46.50.+a Fracture mechanics, fatigue and cracks
- 46.55.+d Tribology and mechanical contacts
- 46.65.+g Random phenomena and media
- 46.70.-p Application of continuum mechanics to structures
- 46.70.De Beams, plates, and shells
- 46.70.Hg Membranes, rods, and strings
- 46.70.Lk Other structures
- 46.80.+j Measurement methods and techniques in continuum mechanics of solids
- 46.90.+s Other topics in continuum mechanics of solids
- 47.10.+g General theory
- 47.10.-g General theory in fluid dynamics
- 47.10.A- Mathematical formulations
- 47.10.Df Hamiltonian formulations
- 47.10.Fg Dynamical systems methods
- 47.10.ab Conservation laws and constitutive relations
- 47.10.ad Navier-Stokes equations
- 47.11.+j Computational methods in fluid dynamics
- 47.11.-j Computational methods in fluid dynamics
- 47.11.Bc Finite difference methods
- 47.11.Df Finite volume methods
- 47.11.Fg Finite element methods
- 47.11.Hj Boundary element methods
- 47.11.Kb Spectral methods
- 47.11.Mn Molecular dynamics methods
- 47.11.Qr Lattice gas
- 47.11.St Multi-scale methods
- 47.15.-x Laminar flows
- 47.15.Cb Laminar boundary layers
- 47.15.Fe Stability of laminar flows
- 47.15.G- Low-Reynolds-number (creeping) flows
- 47.15.Gf Low-Reynolds-number (creeping) flows
- 47.15.Hg Potential flows
- 47.15.K- Inviscid laminar flows
- 47.15.Ki Inviscid flows with vorticity
- 47.15.Pn Laminar suspensions
- 47.15.Rq Laminar flows in cavities, channels, ducts, and conduits
- 47.15.St Free shear layers
- 47.15.Tr Laminar wakes
- 47.15.Uv Laminar jets
- 47.15.gm Thin film flows
- 47.15.gp Hele-Shaw flows
- 47.15.ki Inviscid flows with vorticity
- 47.15.km Potential flows
- 47.17.+e Mechanical properties of fluids
- 47.20.-k Flow instabilities
- 47.20.Bp Buoyancy-driven instabilities (e.g., Rayleigh-Benard)
- 47.20.Cq Inviscid instability
- 47.20.Dr Surface-tension-driven instability
- 47.20.Ft Instability of shear flows (e.g., Kelvin-Helmholtz)
- 47.20.Gv Viscous and viscoelastic instabilities
- 47.20.Hw Morphological instability; phase changes
- 47.20.Ib Instability of boundary layers; separation
- 47.20.Ky Nonlinearity, bifurcation, and symmetry breaking
- 47.20.Lz Secondary instabilities
- 47.20.Ma Interfacial instabilities (e.g., Rayleigh-Taylor)
- 47.20.Pc Flow receptivity
- 47.20.Qr Centrifugal instabilities (e.g., Taylor-Couette flow)
- 47.27.-i Turbulent flows
- 47.27.Ak Fundamentals
- 47.27.Cn Transition to turbulence
- 47.27.De Coherent structures
- 47.27.E- Turbulence simulation and modeling
- 47.27.Eq Turbulence simulation and modeling
- 47.27.Gs Isotropic turbulence; homogeneous turbulence
- 47.27.Jv High-Reynolds-number turbulence
- 47.27.Lx Wall-bounded thin shear flows
- 47.27.N- Wall-bounded shear flow turbulence
- 47.27.Nz Boundary layer and shear turbulence
- 47.27.Pa Thick shear flows
- 47.27.Qb Turbulent diffusion
- 47.27.Rc Turbulence control
- 47.27.Sd Turbulence generated noise
- 47.27.T- Turbulent transport processes
- 47.27.Te Convection and heat transfer
- 47.27.Vf Wakes
- 47.27.W- Boundary-free shear flow turbulence
- 47.27.Wg Jets
- 47.27.eb Statistical theories and models
- 47.27.ed Dynamical systems approaches
- 47.27.ef Field-theoretic formulations and renormalization
- 47.27.ek Direct numerical simulations
- 47.27.em Eddy-viscosity closures; Reynolds stress modeling
- 47.27.ep Large-eddy simulations
- 47.27.er Spectral methods
- 47.27.nb Boundary layer turbulence
- 47.27.nd Channel flow
- 47.27.nf Flows in pipes and nozzles
- 47.27.tb Turbulent diffusion
- 47.27.te Turbulent convective heat transfer
- 47.27.wb Turbulent wakes
- 47.27.wg Turbulent jets
- 47.27.wj Turbulent mixing layers
- 47.32.-y Vortex dynamics; rotating fluids
- 47.32.C- Vortex dynamics
- 47.32.Cc Vortex dynamics
- 47.32.Ef Rotating and swirling flows
- 47.32.Ff Separated flows
- 47.32.cb Vortex interactions
- 47.32.cd Vortex stability and breakdown
- 47.32.cf Vortex reconnection and rings
- 47.32.ck Vortex streets
- 47.35.+i Hydrodynamic waves
- 47.35.-i Hydrodynamic waves
- 47.35.Bb Gravity waves
- 47.35.De Shear waves
- 47.35.Fg Solitary waves
- 47.35.Jk Wave breaking
- 47.35.Lf Wave-structure interactions
- 47.35.Pq Capillary waves
- 47.35.Rs Sound waves
- 47.35.Tv Magnetohydrodynamic waves
- 47.37.+q Hydrodynamic aspects of superfluidity; quantum fluids
- 47.40.-x Compressible flows; shock waves
- 47.40.Dc General subsonic flows
- 47.40.Hg Transonic flows
- 47.40.Ki Supersonic and hypersonic flows
- 47.40.Nm Shock wave interactions and shock effects
- 47.40.Rs Detonation waves
- 47.45.-n Rarefied gas dynamics
- 47.45.Ab Kinetic theory of gases
- 47.45.Dt Free molecular flows
- 47.45.Gx Slip flows and accommodation
- 47.45.Nd Accommodation
- 47.50.+d Non-Newtonian fluid flows
- 47.50.-d Non-Newtonian fluid flows
- 47.50.Cd Modeling
- 47.50.Ef Measurements
- 47.50.Gj Instabilities
- 47.51.+a Mixing
- 47.52.+j Chaos in fluid dynamics
- 47.53.+n Fractals in fluid dynamics
- 47.54.+r Pattern selection; pattern formation
- 47.54.-r Pattern selection; pattern formation
- 47.54.Bd Theoretical aspects
- 47.54.De Experimental aspects
- 47.54.Fj Chemical and biological applications
- 47.54.Jk Materials science applications
- 47.55.-t Multiphase and stratified flows
- 47.55.Bx Cavitation
- 47.55.Ca Gas/liquid flows
- 47.55.D- Drops and bubbles
- 47.55.Dz Drops and bubbles
- 47.55.Hd Stratified flows
- 47.55.Iv Core-annular flows
- 47.55.Kf Particle-laden flows
- 47.55.Lm Fluidized beds
- 47.55.Mh Flows through porous media
- 47.55.N- Interfacial flows
- 47.55.P- Buoyancy-driven flows; convection
- 47.55.db Drop and bubble formation
- 47.55.dd Bubble dynamics
- 47.55.df Breakup and coalescence
- 47.55.dk Surfactant effects
- 47.55.dm Thermocapillary effects
- 47.55.dp Cavitation and boiling
- 47.55.dr Interactions with surfaces
- 47.55.nb Capillary and thermocapillary flows
- 47.55.nd Spreading films
- 47.55.nk Liquid bridges
- 47.55.nm Curtains/sheets
- 47.55.np Contact lines
- 47.55.pb Thermal convection
- 47.55.pd Multidiffusive convection
- 47.55.pf Marangoni convection
- 47.56.+r Flows through porous media
- 47.57.-s Complex fluids and colloidal systems
- 47.57.Bc Foams and emulsions
- 47.57.E- Suspensions
- 47.57.Gc Granular flow
- 47.57.J- Colloidal systems
- 47.57.Lj Flows of liquid crystals
- 47.57.Ng Polymers and polymer solutions
- 47.57.Qk Rheological aspects
- 47.57.eb Diffusion and aggregation
- 47.57.ef Sedimentation and migration
- 47.57.jb Microemulsions
- 47.57.jd Electrokinetic effects
- 47.60.+i Flows in ducts, channels, nozzles, and conduits
- 47.60.-i Flow phenomena in quasi-one-dimensional systems
- 47.60.Dx Flows in ducts and channels
- 47.60.Kz Flows and jets through nozzles
- 47.61.-k Micro- and nano- scale flow phenomena
- 47.61.Cb Non-continuum effects
- 47.61.Fg Flows in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS)
- 47.61.Jd Multiphase flows
- 47.61.Ne Micromixing
- 47.62.+q Flow control
- 47.63.-b Biological fluid dynamics
- 47.63.Cb Blood flow in cardiovascular system
- 47.63.Ec Pulmonary fluid mechanics
- 47.63.Gd Swimming microorganisms
- 47.63.Jd Microcirculation and flow through tissues
- 47.63.M- Biopropulsion in water and air
- 47.63.mc High-Reynolds-number motions
- 47.63.mf Low-Reynolds-number motions
- 47.63.mh Transport processes and drug delivery
- 47.65.+a Magnetohydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamics
- 47.65.-d Magnetohydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamics
- 47.65.Cb Magnetic fluids and ferrofluids
- 47.65.Gx Electrorheological fluids
- 47.65.Md Plasma dynamos
- 47.70.-n Reactive and radiative flows
- 47.70.Fw Chemically reactive flows
- 47.70.Mc Radiation gas dynamics
- 47.70.Nd Nonequilibrium gas dynamics
- 47.70.Pq Flames; combustion
- 47.75.+f Relativistic fluid dynamics
- 47.80.+v Instrumentation for fluid dynamics
- 47.80.-v Instrumentation and measurement methods in fluid dynamics
- 47.80.Cb Velocity measurements
- 47.80.Fg Pressure and temperature measurements
- 47.80.Jk Flow visualization and imaging
- 47.85.-g Applied fluid mechanics
- 47.85.Dh Hydrodynamics, hydraulics, hydrostatics
- 47.85.Gj Aerodynamics
- 47.85.Kn Hydraulic and pneumatic machinery
- 47.85.L- Flow control
- 47.85.M- Material processing flows; industrial applications
- 47.85.Np Fluidics
- 47.85.lb Drag reduction
- 47.85.ld Boundary layer control
- 47.85.lf Flow noise reduction
- 47.85.lk Mixing enhancement
- 47.85.mb Coating flows
- 47.85.md Polymer processing flows
- 47.85.mf Lubrication flows
- 47.90.+a Other topics in fluid dynamics
- 51.10.+y Kinetic and transport theory of gases
- 51.20.+d Viscosity, diffusion, and thermal conductivity
- 51.30.+i Thermodynamic properties, equations of state
- 51.35.+a Mechanical properties; compressibility
- 51.40.+p Acoustical properties
- 51.50.+v Electrical properties
- 51.60.+a Magnetic properties
- 51.70.+f Optical and dielectric properties
- 51.90.+r Other topics in the physics of gases
- 52.20.-j Elementary processes in plasmas
- 52.20.Dq Particle orbits
- 52.20.Fs Electron collisions
- 52.20.Hv Atomic, molecular, ion, and heavy-particle collisions
- 52.25.-b Plasma properties
- 52.25.Dg Plasma kinetic equations
- 52.25.Fi Transport properties
- 52.25.Gj Fluctuation and chaos phenomena
- 52.25.Jm Ionization of plasmas
- 52.25.Kn Thermodynamics of plasmas
- 52.25.Mq Dielectric properties
- 52.25.Os Emission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation
- 52.25.Tx Emission, absorption, and scattering of particles
- 52.25.Vy Impurities in plasmas
- 52.25.Xz Magnetized plasmas
- 52.25.Ya Neutrals in plasmas
- 52.27.-h Basic studies of specific kinds of plasmas
- 52.27.Aj Single-component, electron-positive-ion plasmas
- 52.27.Cm Multicomponent and negative-ion plasmas
- 52.27.Ep Electron-positron plasmas
- 52.27.Gr Strongly-coupled plasmas
- 52.27.Jt Nonneutral plasmas
- 52.27.Lw Dusty or complex plasmas; plasma crystals
- 52.27.Ny Relativistic plasmas
- 52.30.-q Plasma dynamics and flow
- 52.30.Cv Magnetohydrodynamics
- 52.30.Ex Two-fluid and multi-fluid plasmas
- 52.30.Gz Gyrokinetics
- 52.35.-g Waves, oscillations, and instabilities in plasmas and intense beams
- 52.35.Bj Magnetohydrodynamic waves (e.g., Alfven waves)
- 52.35.Dm Sound waves
- 52.35.Fp Electrostatic waves and oscillations (e.g., ion-acoustic waves)
- 52.35.Hr Electromagnetic waves (e.g., electron-cyclotron, Whistler, Bernstein, upper hybrid, lower hybrid)
- 52.35.Kt Drift waves
- 52.35.Lv Other linear waves
- 52.35.Mw Nonlinear phenomena: waves, wave propagation, and other interactions (including parametric effects, mode coupling, ponderomotive effects, etc.)
- 52.35.Py Macroinstabilities (hydromagnetic, e.g., kink, fire-hose, mirror, ballooning, tearing, trapped-particle, flute, Rayleigh-Taylor, etc.)
- 52.35.Qz Microinstabilities (ion-acoustic, two-stream, loss-cone, beam-plasma, drift, ion- or electron-cyclotron, etc.)
- 52.35.Ra Plasma turbulence
- 52.35.Sb Solitons; BGK modes
- 52.35.Tc Shock waves and discontinuities
- 52.35.Vd Magnetic reconnection
- 52.35.We Plasma vorticity
- 52.38.-r Laser-plasma interactions
- 52.38.Bv Rayleigh scattering; stimulated Brillouin and Raman scattering
- 52.38.Dx Laser light absorption in plasmas (collisional, parametric, etc.)
- 52.38.Fz Laser-induced magnetic fields in plasmas
- 52.38.Hb Self-focussing, channeling, and filamentation in plasmas
- 52.38.Kd Laser-plasma acceleration of electrons and ions
- 52.38.Mf Laser ablation
- 52.38.Ph X-ray, γ-ray, and particle generation
- 52.40.-w Plasma interactions (nonlaser)
- 52.40.Db Electromagnetic
- 52.40.Fd Plasma interactions with antennas; plasma-filled waveguides
- 52.40.Hf Plasma-material interactions; boundary layer effects
- 52.40.Kh Plasma sheaths
- 52.40.Mj Particle beam interactions in plasmas
- 52.50.-b Plasma production and heating
- 52.50.Dg Plasma sources
- 52.50.Gj Plasma heating by particle beams
- 52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)
- 52.50.Lp Plasma production and heating by shock waves and compression
- 52.50.Nr Plasma heating by DC fields; ohmic heating, arcs
- 52.50.Qt Plasma heating by radio-frequency fields; ICR, ICP, helicons
- 52.50.Sw Plasma heating by microwaves; ECR, LH, collisional heating
- 52.55.-s Magnetic confinement and equilibrium
- 52.55.Dy General theory and basic studies of plasma lifetime, particle and heat loss, energy balance, field structure, etc.
- 52.55.Ez Theta pinch
- 52.55.Fa Tokamaks, spherical tokamaks
- 52.55.Hc Stellarators, torsatrons, heliacs, bumpy tori, and other toroidal confinement devices
- 52.55.Ip Spheromaks
- 52.55.Jd Magnetic mirrors, gas dynamic traps
- 52.55.Lf Field-reversed configurations, rotamaks, astrons, ion rings, magnetized target fusion, and cusps
- 52.55.Pi Fusion products effects (e.g., alpha-particles, etc.), fast particle effects
- 52.55.Rk Power exhaust; divertors
- 52.55.Tn Ideal and resistive MHD modes; kinetic modes
- 52.55.Wq Current drive; helicity injection
- 52.57.-z Laser inertial confinement
- 52.57.Bc Target design and fabrication
- 52.57.Fg Implosion symmetry and hydrodynamic instability (Rayleigh-Taylor, Richtmyer-Meshkov, imprint, etc.)
- 52.57.Kk Fast ignition of compressed fusion fuels
- 52.58.-c Other confinement methods
- 52.58.Ei Light-ion inertial confinement
- 52.58.Hm Heavy-ion inertial confinement
- 52.58.Lq Z-pinches, plasma focus, and other pinch devices
- 52.58.Qv Electrostatic and high-frequency confinement
- 52.59.-f Intense particle beams and radiation sources
- 52.59.Bi Grid- and ion-diode-accelerated beams
- 52.59.Dk Magneto-plasma accelerated plasmas
- 52.59.Fn Multistage accelerated heavy-ion beams
- 52.59.Hq Dense plasma focus
- 52.59.Mv High-voltage diodes
- 52.59.Px Hard X-ray sources
- 52.59.Qy Wire array Z-pinches
- 52.59.Rz Free-electron devices
- 52.59.Sa Space-charge-dominated beams
- 52.59.Tb Moderate-intensity beams
- 52.59.Wd Emittance-dominated beams
- 52.59.Ye Plasma devices for generation of coherent radiation
- 52.65.-y Plasma simulation
- 52.65.Cc Particle orbit and trajectory
- 52.65.Ff Fokker-Planck and Vlasov equation
- 52.65.Kj Magnetohydrodynamic and fluid equation
- 52.65.Pp Monte Carlo methods
- 52.65.Rr Particle-in-cell method
- 52.65.Tt Gyrofluid and gyrokinetic simulations
- 52.65.Vv Perturbative methods
- 52.65.Ww Hybrid methods
- 52.65.Yy Molecular dynamics methods
- 52.70.-m Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation
- 52.70.Ds Electric and magnetic measurements
- 52.70.Gw Radio-frequency and microwave measurements
- 52.70.Kz Optical (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) measurements
- 52.70.La X-ray and γ-ray measurements
- 52.70.Nc Particle measurements
- 52.72.+v Laboratory studies of space- and astrophysical-plasma processes
- 52.75.-d Plasma devices
- 52.75.Di Ion and plasma propulsion
- 52.75.Fk Magnetohydrodynamic generators and thermionic convertors; plasma diodes
- 52.75.Hn Plasma torches
- 52.75.Kq Plasma switches (e.g., spark gaps)
- 52.75.Xx Thermionic and filament-based sources (e.g., Q machines, double- and triple-plasma devices, etc.)
- 52.77.-j Plasma applications
- 52.77.Bn Etching and cleaning
- 52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition
- 52.77.Fv High-pressure, high-current plasmas
- 52.80.-s Electric discharges
- 52.80.Dy Low-field and Townsend discharges
- 52.80.Hc Glow; corona
- 52.80.Mg Arcs; sparks; lightning; atmospheric electricity
- 52.80.Pi High-frequency and RF discharges
- 52.80.Qj Explosions; exploding wires
- 52.80.Sm Magnetoactive discharges (e.g., Penning discharges)
- 52.80.Tn Other gas discharges
- 52.80.Vp Discharge in vacuum
- 52.80.Wq Discharge in liquids and solids
- 52.80.Yr Discharges for spectral sources (including inductively coupled plasma)
- 52.90.+z Other topics in physics of plasmas and electric discharges
- 61.05.-a Techniques for structure determination
- 61.05.C- X-ray diffraction and scattering
- 61.05.F- Neutron diffraction and scattering
- 61.05.J- Electron diffraction and scattering
- 61.05.Np Atom, molecule, and ion scattering (for structure determination only)
- 61.05.Qr Magnetic resonance techniques; Mössbauer spectroscopy (for structure determination only)
- 61.05.Tv Neutron imaging; neutron tomography
- 61.05.cc Theories of x-ray diffraction and scattering
- 61.05.cf X-ray scattering (including small-angle scattering)
- 61.05.cj X-ray absorption spectroscopy: EXAFS, NEXAFS, XANES, etc.
- 61.05.cm X-ray reflectometry (surfaces, interfaces, films)
- 61.05.cp X-ray diffraction
- 61.05.fd Theories of neutron diffraction and scattering
- 61.05.fg Neutron scattering (including small-angle scattering)
- 61.05.fj Neutron reflectometry
- 61.05.fm Neutron diffraction
- 61.05.jd Theories of electron diffraction and scattering
- 61.05.jh Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED)
- 61.05.jm Convergent-beam electron diffraction, selected-area electron diffraction, nanodiffraction
- 61.05.jp Electron holography
- 61.05.js X-ray photoelectron diffraction
- 61.10.-i X-ray diffraction and scattering
- 61.10.Dp Theories of diffraction and scattering
- 61.10.Eq X-ray scattering (including small-angle scattering)
- 61.10.Ht X-ray absorption spectroscopy: EXAFS, NEXAFS, XANES, etc.
- 61.10.Kw X-ray reflectometry (surfaces, interfaces, films)
- 61.10.Nz X-ray diffraction
- 61.12.-q Neutron diffraction and scattering
- 61.12.Bt Theories of diffraction and scattering
- 61.12.Ex Neutron scattering (including small-angle scattering)
- 61.12.Ha Neutron reflectometry
- 61.12.Ld Neutron diffraction
- 61.14.-x Electron diffraction and scattering
- 61.14.Dc Theories of diffraction and scattering
- 61.14.Hg Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED)
- 61.14.Lj Convergent-beam electron diffraction, selected-area electron diffraction, nanodiffraction
- 61.14.Nm Electron holography
- 61.14.Qp X-ray photoelectron diffraction
- 61.18.-j Other methods of structure determination
- 61.18.Bn Atom, molecule, and ion scattering
- 61.18.Fs Magnetic resonance techniques; Mossbauer spectroscopy
- 61.20.-p Structure of liquids
- 61.20.Gy Theory and models of liquid structure
- 61.20.Ja Computer simulation of liquid structure
- 61.20.Lc Time-dependent properties; relaxation
- 61.20.Ne Structure of simple liquids
- 61.20.Qg Structure of associated liquids: electrolytes, molten salts, etc.
- 61.25.-f Studies of specific liquid structures
- 61.25.Bi Liquid noble gases
- 61.25.Em Molecular liquids
- 61.25.H- Macromolecular and polymers solutions; polymer melts
- 61.25.Hq Macromolecular and polymer solutions; polymer melts; swelling
- 61.25.Mv Liquid metals and alloys
- 61.25.he Polymer solutions
- 61.25.hk Polymer melts and blends
- 61.25.hp Polymer swelling, cross linking
- 61.30.-v Liquid crystals
- 61.30.Cz Molecular and microscopic models and theories of liquid crystal structure
- 61.30.Dk Continuum models and theories of liquid crystal structure
- 61.30.Eb Experimental determinations of smectic, nematic, cholesteric, and other structures
- 61.30.Gd Orientational order of liquid crystals; electric and magnetic field effects on order
- 61.30.Hn Surface phenomena: alignment, anchoring, anchoring transitions, surface-induced layering, surface-induced ordering, wetting, prewetting transitions, and wetting transitions
- 61.30.Jf Defects in liquid crystals
- 61.30.Mp Blue phases and other defect-phases
- 61.30.Pq Microconfined liquid crystals: droplets, cylinders, randomly confined liquid crystals, polymer dispersed liquid crystals, and porous systems
- 61.30.St Lyotropic phases
- 61.30.Vx Polymer liquid crystals
- 61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics
- 61.43.-j Disordered solids
- 61.43.Bn Structural modeling: serial-addition models, computer simulation
- 61.43.Dq Amorphous semiconductors, metals, and alloys
- 61.43.Er Other amorphous solids
- 61.43.Fs Glasses
- 61.43.Gt Powders, porous materials
- 61.43.Hv Fractals; macroscopic aggregates (including diffusion-limited aggregates)
- 61.44.-n Semi-periodic solids
- 61.44.Br Quasicrystals
- 61.44.Fw Incommensurate crystals
- 61.46.+w Nanoscale materials: clusters, nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanocrystals
- 61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials
- 61.46.Bc Structure of clusters (e.g., metcars; not fragments of crystals; free or loosely aggregated or loosely attached to a substrate)
- 61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
- 61.46.Fg Nanotubes
- 61.46.Hk Nanocrystals
- 61.46.Km Structure of nanowires and nanorods (long, free or loosely attached, quantum wires and quantum rods, but not gate-isolated embedded quantum wires)
- 61.46.Np Structure of nanotubes (hollow nanowires)
- 61.48.+c Fullerenes and fullerene-related materials
- 61.48.-c Structure of fullerenes and related hollow and planar molecular structures
- 61.48.De Structure of carbon nanotubes, boron nanotubes, and other related systems
- 61.48.Gh Structure of graphene
- 61.50.-f Structure of bulk crystals
- 61.50.Ah Theory of crystal structure, crystal symmetry; calculations and modeling
- 61.50.Ks Crystallographic aspects of phase transformations; pressure effects
- 61.50.Lt Crystal binding; cohesive energy
- 61.50.Nw Crystal stoichiometry
- 61.66.-f Structure of specific crystalline solids
- 61.66.Bi Elemental solids
- 61.66.Dk Alloys
- 61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds
- 61.66.Hq Organic compounds
- 61.68.+n Crystallographic databases
- 61.72.-y Defects and impurities in crystals; microstructure
- 61.72.Bb Theories and models of crystal defects
- 61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing
- 61.72.Dd Experimental determination of defects by diffraction and scattering
- 61.72.Ff Direct observation of dislocations and other defects (etch pits, decoration, electron microscopy, x-ray topography, etc.)
- 61.72.Hh Indirect evidence of dislocations and other defects (resistivity, slip, creep, strains, internal friction, EPR, NMR, etc.)
- 61.72.J- Point defects and defect clusters
- 61.72.Ji Point defects (vacancies, interstitials, color centers, etc.) and defect clusters
- 61.72.Lk Linear defects: dislocations, disclinations
- 61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries
- 61.72.Nn Stacking faults and other planar or extended defects
- 61.72.Qq Microscopic defects (voids, inclusions, etc.)
- 61.72.S- Impurities in crystals
- 61.72.Ss Impurity concentration, distribution, and gradients
- 61.72.Tt Doping and impurity implantation in germanium and silicon
- 61.72.U- Doping and impurity implantation
- 61.72.Vv Doping and impurity implantation in III-V and II-VI semiconductors
- 61.72.Ww Doping and impurity implantation in other materials
- 61.72.Yx Interaction between different crystal defects; gettering effect
- 61.72.jd Vacancies
- 61.72.jj Interstitials
- 61.72.jn Color centers
- 61.72.sd Impurity concentration
- 61.72.sh Impurity distribution
- 61.72.sm Impurity gradients
- 61.72.uf Ge and Si
- 61.72.uj III-V and II-VI semiconductors
- 61.72.up Other materials
- 61.80.-x Physical radiation effects, radiation damage
- 61.80.Az Theory and models of radiation effects
- 61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser radiation)
- 61.80.Cb X-ray effects
- 61.80.Ed γ-ray effects
- 61.80.Fe Electron and positron radiation effects
- 61.80.Hg Neutron radiation effects
- 61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects
- 61.80.Lj Atom and molecule irradiation effects
- 61.82.-d Radiation effects on specific materials
- 61.82.Bg Metals and alloys
- 61.82.Fk Semiconductors
- 61.82.Ms Insulators
- 61.82.Pv Polymers, organic compounds
- 61.82.Rx Nanocrystalline materials
- 61.85.+p Channeling phenomena (blocking, energy loss, etc.)
- 61.90.+d Other topics in structure of solids and liquids; crystallography
- 62.10.+s Mechanical properties of liquids
- 62.20.-x Mechanical properties of solids
- 62.20.D- Elasticity
- 62.20.Dc Elasticity, elastic constants
- 62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity
- 62.20.Fe Deformation and plasticity
- 62.20.Hg Creep
- 62.20.M- Structural failure of materials
- 62.20.Mk Fatigue, brittleness, fracture, and cracks
- 62.20.Qp Friction, tribology, and hardness
- 62.20.de Elastic moduli
- 62.20.dj Poisson’s ratio
- 62.20.dq Other elastic constants
- 62.20.fg Shape-memory effect; yield stress; superelasticity
- 62.20.fk Ductility, malleability
- 62.20.fq Plasticity and superplasticity
- 62.20.me Fatigue
- 62.20.mj Brittleness
- 62.20.mm Fracture
- 62.20.mq Buckling
- 62.20.mt Cracks
- 62.23.-c Structural classes of nanoscale systems
- 62.23.Eg Nanodots
- 62.23.Hj Nanowires
- 62.23.Kn Nanosheets
- 62.23.Pq Composites (nanosystems embedded in a larger structure)
- 62.23.St Complex nanostructures, including patterned or assembled structures
- 62.25.+g Mechanical properties of nanoscale materials
- 62.25.-g Mechanical properties of nanoscale systems
- 62.25.De Low-frequency properties: response coefficients
- 62.25.Fg High-frequency properties, responses to resonant or transient (time-dependent) fields
- 62.25.Jk Mechanical modes of vibration
- 62.25.Mn Fracture/brittleness
- 62.30.+d Mechanical and elastic waves; vibrations
- 62.40.+i Anelasticity, internal friction, stress relaxation, and mechanical resonances
- 62.50.+p High-pressure and shock wave effects in solids and liquids
- 62.50.-p High-pressure effects in solids and liquids
- 62.50.Ef Shock wave effects in solids and liquids
- 62.60.+v Acoustical properties of liquids
- 62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids
- 62.80.+f Ultrasonic relaxation
- 62.90.+k Other topics in mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter
- 63.10.+a General theory
- 63.20.-e Phonons in crystal lattices
- 63.20.D- Phonon states and bands, normal modes, and phonon dispersion
- 63.20.Dj Phonon states and bands, normal modes, and phonon dispersion
- 63.20.K- Phonon interactions
- 63.20.Kr Phonon-electron and phonon-phonon interactions
- 63.20.Ls Phonon interactions with other quasiparticles
- 63.20.Mt Phonon-defect interactions
- 63.20.Pw Localized modes
- 63.20.Ry Anharmonic lattice modes
- 63.20.dd Measurements
- 63.20.dh Fitted theory
- 63.20.dk First-principles theory
- 63.20.kd Phonon-electron interactions
- 63.20.kg Phonon-phonon interactions
- 63.20.kk Phonon interactions with other quasiparticles
- 63.20.kp Phonon-defect interactions
- 63.22.+m Phonons or vibrational states in low-dimensional structures and nanoscale materials
- 63.22.-m Phonons or vibrational states in low-dimensional structures and nanoscale materials
- 63.22.Dc Free films
- 63.22.Gh Nanotubes and nanowires
- 63.22.Kn Clusters and nanocrystals
- 63.22.Np Layered systems
- 63.22.Rc Phonons in graphene
- 63.50.+x Vibrational states in disordered systems
- 63.50.-x Vibrational states in disordered systems
- 63.50.Gh Disordered crystalline alloys
- 63.50.Lm Glasses and amorphous solids
- 63.70.+h Statistical mechanics of lattice vibrations and displacive phase transitions
- 63.90.+t Other topics in lattice dynamics
- 64.10.+h General theory of equations of state and phase equilibria
- 64.30.+t Equations of state of specific substances
- 64.30.-t Equations of state of specific substances
- 64.30.Ef Equations of state of pure metals and alloys
- 64.30.Jk Equations of state of nonmetals
- 64.60.-i General studies of phase transitions
- 64.60.A- Specific approaches applied to studies of phase transitions
- 64.60.Ak Renormalization-group, fractal, and percolation studies of phase transitions
- 64.60.Bd General theory of phase transitions
- 64.60.Cn Order-disorder transformations
- 64.60.De Statistical mechanics of model systems (Ising model, Potts model, field-theory models, Monte Carlo techniques, etc.)
- 64.60.Ej Studies/theory of phase transitions of specific substances
- 64.60.F- Equilibrium properties near critical points, critical exponents
- 64.60.Fr Equilibrium properties near critical points, critical exponents
- 64.60.Ht Dynamic critical phenomena
- 64.60.Kw Multicritical points
- 64.60.My Metastable phases
- 64.60.Q- Nucleation
- 64.60.Qb Nucleation
- 64.60.ae Renormalization-group theory
- 64.60.ah Percolation
- 64.60.al Fractal and multifractal systems
- 64.60.an Finite-size systems
- 64.60.aq Networks
- 64.60.at Convolution
- 64.60.av Cracks, sandpiles, avalanches, and earthquakes
- 64.60.fd General theory of critical region behavior
- 64.60.fh Studies of specific substances in the critical region
- 64.60.qe General theory and computer simulations of nucleation
- 64.60.qj Studies of nucleation in specific substances
- 64.70.-p Specific phase transitions
- 64.70.D- Solid-liquid transitions
- 64.70.Dv Solid-liquid transitions
- 64.70.F- Liquid-vapor transitions
- 64.70.Fx Liquid-vapor transitions
- 64.70.Hz Solid-vapor transitions
- 64.70.Ja Liquid-liquid transitions
- 64.70.K- Solid-solid transitions
- 64.70.Kb Solid-solid transitions
- 64.70.M- Transitions in liquid crystals
- 64.70.Md Transitions in liquid crystals
- 64.70.Nd Structural transitions in nanoscale materials
- 64.70.P- Glass transitions of specific systems
- 64.70.Pf Glass transitions
- 64.70.Q- Theory and modeling of the glass transition
- 64.70.Rh Commensurate-incommensurate transitions
- 64.70.Tg Quantum phase transitions
- 64.70.dg Crystallization of specific substances
- 64.70.dj Melting of specific substances
- 64.70.dm General theory of the solid-liquid transition
- 64.70.fh Boiling and bubble dynamics
- 64.70.fm Thermodynamics studies of evaporation and condensation
- 64.70.kd Metals and alloys
- 64.70.kg Semiconductors
- 64.70.kj Glasses
- 64.70.km Polymers
- 64.70.kp Ionic crystals
- 64.70.kt Molecular crystals
- 64.70.mf Theory and modeling of specific liquid crystal transitions, including computer simulation
- 64.70.mj Experimental studies of liquid crystal transitions
- 64.70.pe Metallic glasses
- 64.70.ph Nonmetallic glasses (silicates, oxides, selenides, etc.)
- 64.70.pj Polymers
- 64.70.pm Liquids
- 64.70.pp Liquid crystals
- 64.70.ps Granules
- 64.70.pv Colloids
- 64.70.qd Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics
- 64.70.qj Dynamics and criticality
- 64.75.+g Solubility, segregation, and mixing; phase separation
- 64.75.-g Phase equilibria
- 64.75.Bc Solubility
- 64.75.Cd Phase equilibria of fluid mixtures, including gases, hydrates, etc.
- 64.75.Ef Mixing
- 64.75.Gh Phase separation and segregation in model systems (hard spheres, Lennard-Jones, etc.)
- 64.75.Jk Phase separation and segregation in nanoscale systems
- 64.75.Lm Phase separation and segregation in oxidation
- 64.75.Nx Phase separation and segregation in solid solutions
- 64.75.Op Phase separation and segregation in alloying
- 64.75.Qr Phase separation and segregation in semiconductors
- 64.75.St Phase separation and segregation in thin films
- 64.75.Va Phase separation and segregation in polymer blends/polymeric solutions
- 64.75.Xc Phase separation and segregation in colloidal systems
- 64.75.Yz Self-assembly
- 64.90.+b Other topics in equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions
- 65.20.+w Thermal properties of liquids: heat capacity, thermal expansion, etc.
- 65.20.-w Thermal properties of liquids
- 65.20.De General theory of thermodynamic properties of liquids, including computer simulation
- 65.20.Jk Studies of thermodynamic properties of specific liquids
- 65.40.-b Thermal properties of crystalline solids
- 65.40.Ba Heat capacity
- 65.40.De Thermal expansion; thermomechanical effects
- 65.40.G- Other thermodynamical quantities
- 65.40.Gr Entropy and other thermodynamical quantities
- 65.40.gd Entropy
- 65.40.gh Work functions
- 65.40.gk Electrochemical properties
- 65.40.gp Surface energy
- 65.60.+a Thermal properties of amorphous solids and glasses: heat capacity, thermal expansion, etc.
- 65.80.+n Thermal properties of small particles, nanocrystals, and nanotubes
- 65.80.-g Thermal properties of small particles, nanocrystals, nanotubes, and other related systems
- 65.80.Ck Thermal properties of graphene
- 65.90.+i Other topics in thermal properties of condensed matter
- 66.10.-x Diffusion and ionic conduction in liquids
- 66.10.C- Diffusion and thermal diffusion
- 66.10.Cb Diffusion and thermal diffusion
- 66.10.Ed Ionic conduction
- 66.10.cd Thermal diffusion and diffusive energy transport
- 66.10.cg Mass diffusion, including self-diffusion, mutual diffusion, tracer diffusion, etc.
- 66.20.+d Viscosity of liquids; diffusive momentum transport
- 66.20.-d Viscosity of liquids; diffusive momentum transport
- 66.20.Cy Theory and modeling of viscosity and rheological properties, including computer simulation
- 66.20.Ej Studies of viscosity and rheological properties of specific liquids
- 66.20.Gd Diffusive momentum transport
- 66.25.+g Thermal conduction in nonmetallic liquids
- 66.30.-h Diffusion in solids
- 66.30.Dn Theory of diffusion and ionic conduction in solids
- 66.30.Fq Self-diffusion in metals, semimetals, and alloys
- 66.30.H- Self-diffusion and ionic conduction in nonmetals
- 66.30.Hs Self-diffusion and ionic conduction in nonmetals
- 66.30.J- Diffusion of impurities
- 66.30.Jt Diffusion of impurities
- 66.30.Lw Diffusion of other defects
- 66.30.Ma Diffusion in quantum solids
- 66.30.Ny Chemical interdiffusion; diffusion barriers
- 66.30.Pa Diffusion in nanoscale solids
- 66.30.Qa Electromigration
- 66.30.Xj Thermal diffusivity
- 66.30.hd Ionic crystals
- 66.30.hh Glasses
- 66.30.hk Polymers
- 66.30.hp Molecular crystals
- 66.30.je Diffusion of gases
- 66.30.jj Diffusion of water
- 66.30.jp Proton diffusion
- 66.35.+a Quantum tunneling of defects
- 66.60.+a Thermal conduction in nonmetallic liquids
- 66.70.+f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in solids; thermal waves
- 66.70.-f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in solids; thermal waves
- 66.70.Df Metals, alloys, and semiconductors
- 66.70.Hk Glasses and polymers
- 66.70.Lm Other systems such as ionic crystals, molecular crystals, nanotubes, etc.
- 66.90.+r Other topics in nonelectronic transport properties of condensed matter
- 67.10.-j Quantum fluids: general properties
- 67.10.Ba Boson degeneracy
- 67.10.Db Fermion degeneracy
- 67.10.Fj Quantum statistical theory
- 67.10.Hk Quantum effects on the structure and dynamics of non-degenerate fluids
- 67.10.Jn Transport properties and hydrodynamics
- 67.20.+k Quantum effects on the structure and dynamics of nondegenerate fluids (e.g., normal phase liquid 4He)
- 67.25.-k 4He
- 67.25.B- Normal phase of 4He
- 67.25.D- Superfluid phase
- 67.25.bd Thermodynamic properties
- 67.25.bf Transport, hydrodynamics
- 67.25.bh Films and restricted geometries
- 67.25.de Thermodynamic properties
- 67.25.dg Transport, hydrodynamics, and superflow
- 67.25.dj Superfluid transition and critical phenomena
- 67.25.dk Vortices and turbulence
- 67.25.dm Two-fluid model; phenomenology
- 67.25.dp Films
- 67.25.dr Restricted geometries
- 67.25.dt Sound and excitations
- 67.25.du Relaxation phenomena
- 67.25.dw Superfluidity in small clusters
- 67.30.-n 3He
- 67.30.E- Normal phase of 3He
- 67.30.H- Superfluid phase of 3He
- 67.30.ef Thermodynamics
- 67.30.eh Transport and hydrodynamics
- 67.30.ej Films and restricted geometries
- 67.30.em Excitations
- 67.30.ep Spin polarized 3He
- 67.30.er Magnetic properties, NMR
- 67.30.hb Transport, hydrodynamics, and superflow
- 67.30.he Textures and vortices
- 67.30.hj Spin dynamics
- 67.30.hm Impurities
- 67.30.hp Interfaces
- 67.30.hr Films
- 67.30.ht Restricted geometries
- 67.40.-w Boson degeneracy and superfluidity of 4He
- 67.40.Bz Phenomenology and two-fluid models
- 67.40.Db Quantum statistical theory; ground state, elementary excitations
- 67.40.Fd Dynamics of relaxation phenomena
- 67.40.Hf Hydrodynamics in specific geometries, flow in narrow channels
- 67.40.Jg Ions in liquid 4He
- 67.40.Kh Thermodynamic properties
- 67.40.Mj First sound
- 67.40.Pm Transport processes, second and other sounds, and thermal counterflow; Kapitza resistance
- 67.40.Rp Films and weak link transport
- 67.40.Vs Vortices and turbulence
- 67.40.Yv Impurities and other defects
- 67.55.-s Normal phase of liquid 3He
- 67.55.Cx Thermodynamic properties
- 67.55.Fa Hydrodynamics
- 67.55.Hc Transport properties
- 67.55.Ig Ions in normal liquid 3He
- 67.55.Jd Collective modes
- 67.55.Lf Impurities
- 67.57.-z Superfluid phase of liquid 3He
- 67.57.Bc Thermodynamic properties
- 67.57.De Superflow and hydrodynamics
- 67.57.Fg Textures and vortices
- 67.57.Gh Ions in superfluid 3He
- 67.57.Hi Transport properties
- 67.57.Jj Collective modes
- 67.57.Lm Spin dynamics
- 67.57.Np Behavior near interfaces
- 67.57.Pq Impurities
- 67.60.-g Mixtures of 3He and 4He
- 67.60.Bc Boson mixtures
- 67.60.Dm HeI-3He
- 67.60.Fp Bose-Fermi mixtures
- 67.60.G- Solutions of 3He in liquid 4He
- 67.60.Hr Dilute superfluid 3He in He II
- 67.60.Js Ions in liquid 3He-4He mixtures
- 67.60.gc Spin polarized solutions
- 67.60.gf Films
- 67.60.gj Restricted geometries
- 67.63.-r Hydrogen and isotopes
- 67.63.Cd Molecular hydrogen and isotopes
- 67.63.Gh Atomic hydrogen and isotopes
- 67.65.+z Spin-polarized hydrogen and helium
- 67.70.+n Films (including physical adsorption)
- 67.80.-s Quantum solids
- 67.80.B- Solid 4He
- 67.80.Cx Structure, lattice dynamics, and sound propagation
- 67.80.D- Solid 3He
- 67.80.F- Solids of hydrogen and isotopes
- 67.80.Gb Thermal properties
- 67.80.Jd Magnetic properties and nuclear magnetic resonance
- 67.80.K- Other supersolids
- 67.80.Mg Defects, impurities, and diffusion
- 67.80.bd Superfluidity in solid 4He, supersolid 4He
- 67.80.bf Liquid-solid interfaces; growth kinetics
- 67.80.de Structure, lattice dynamics and sound
- 67.80.dj Defects, impurities, and diffusion
- 67.80.dk Magnetic properties, phases, and NMR
- 67.80.dm Films
- 67.80.ff Molecular hydrogen and isotopes
- 67.80.fh Atomic hydrogen and isotopes
- 67.80.kb Supersolid phases on lattices
- 67.85.-d Ultracold gases, trapped gases
- 67.85.Bc Static properties of condensates
- 67.85.De Dynamic properties of condensates; excitations, and superfluid flow
- 67.85.Fg Multicomponent condensates; spinor condensates
- 67.85.Hj Bose-Einstein condensates in optical potentials
- 67.85.Jk Other Bose-Einstein condensation phenomena
- 67.85.Lm Degenerate Fermi gases
- 67.85.Pq Mixtures of Bose and Fermi gases
- 67.90.+z Other topics in quantum fluids and solids
- 68.03.-g Gas-liquid and vacuum-liquid interfaces
- 68.03.Cd Surface tension and related phenomena
- 68.03.Fg Evaporation and condensation of liquids
- 68.03.Hj Liquid surface structure: measurements and simulations
- 68.03.Kn Dynamics (capillary waves)
- 68.05.-n Liquid-liquid interfaces
- 68.05.Cf Liquid-liquid interface structure: measurements and simulations
- 68.05.Gh Interfacial properties of microemulsions
- 68.08.-p Liquid-solid interfaces
- 68.08.Bc Wetting
- 68.08.De Liquid-solid interface structure: measurements and simulations
- 68.15.+e Liquid thin films
- 68.18.-g Langmuir-Blodgett films on liquids
- 68.18.Fg Liquid thin film structure: measurements and simulations
- 68.18.Jk Phase transitions in liquid thin films
- 68.35.-p Solid surfaces and solid-solid interfaces: structure and energetics
- 68.35.Af Atomic scale friction
- 68.35.B- Structure of clean surfaces (and surface reconstruction)
- 68.35.Bs Structure of clean surfaces (reconstruction)
- 68.35.Ct Interface structure and roughness
- 68.35.Dv Composition, segregation; defects and impurities
- 68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation
- 68.35.Gy Mechanical properties; surface strains
- 68.35.Iv Acoustical properties
- 68.35.Ja Surface and interface dynamics and vibrations
- 68.35.Md Surface thermodynamics, surface energies
- 68.35.Np Adhesion
- 68.35.Rh Phase transitions and critical phenomena
- 68.35.bd Metals and alloys
- 68.35.bg Semiconductors
- 68.35.bj Amorphous semiconductors, glasses
- 68.35.bm Polymers, organics
- 68.35.bp Fullerenes
- 68.35.bt Other materials
- 68.37.-d Microscopy of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films
- 68.37.Ef Scanning tunneling microscopy (including chemistry induced with STM)
- 68.37.Hk Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (including EBIC)
- 68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
- 68.37.Ma Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)
- 68.37.Nq Low energy electron microscopy (LEEM)
- 68.37.Og High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM)
- 68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
- 68.37.Rt Magnetic force microscopy (MFM)
- 68.37.Tj Acoustic force microscopy
- 68.37.Uv Near-field scanning microscopy and spectroscopy
- 68.37.Vj Field emission and field-ion microscopy
- 68.37.Xy Scanning Auger microscopy, photoelectron microscopy
- 68.37.Yz X-ray microscopy
- 68.43.-h Chemisorption/physisorption: adsorbates on surfaces
- 68.43.Bc Ab initio calculations of adsorbate structure and reactions
- 68.43.De Statistical mechanics of adsorbates
- 68.43.Fg Adsorbate structure (binding sites, geometry)
- 68.43.Hn Structure of assemblies of adsorbates (two- and three-dimensional clustering)
- 68.43.Jk Diffusion of adsorbates, kinetics of coarsening and aggregation
- 68.43.Mn Adsorption kinetics
- 68.43.Nr Desorption kinetics
- 68.43.Pq Adsorbate vibrations
- 68.43.Rs Electron stimulated desorption
- 68.43.Tj Photon stimulated desorption
- 68.43.Vx Thermal desorption
- 68.47.-b Solid-gas/vacuum interfaces: types of surfaces
- 68.47.De Metallic surfaces
- 68.47.Fg Semiconductor surfaces
- 68.47.Gh Oxide surfaces
- 68.47.Jn Clusters on oxide surfaces
- 68.47.Mn Polymer surfaces
- 68.47.Pe Langmuir-Blodgett films on solids; polymers on surfaces; biological molecules on surfaces
- 68.49.-h Surface characterization by particle-surface scattering
- 68.49.Bc Atom scattering from surfaces (diffraction and energy transfer)
- 68.49.Df Molecule scattering from surfaces (energy transfer, resonances, trapping)
- 68.49.Fg Cluster scattering from surfaces
- 68.49.Jk Electron scattering from surfaces
- 68.49.Sf Ion scattering from surfaces (charge transfer, sputtering, SIMS)
- 68.49.Uv X-ray standing waves
- 68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
- 68.55.A- Nucleation and growth
- 68.55.Ac Nucleation and growth: microscopic aspects
- 68.55.J- Morphology of films
- 68.55.Jk Structure and morphology; thickness; crystalline orientation and texture
- 68.55.Ln Defects and impurities: doping, implantation, distribution, concentration, etc.
- 68.55.Nq Composition and phase identification
- 68.55.ag Semiconductors
- 68.55.aj Insulators
- 68.55.am Polymers and organics
- 68.55.ap Fullerenes
- 68.55.at Other materials
- 68.55.jd Thickness
- 68.55.jm Texture
- 68.60.-p Physical properties of thin films, nonelectronic
- 68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties
- 68.60.Dv Thermal stability; thermal effects
- 68.60.Wm Other nonelectronic physical properties
- 68.65.-k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems: structure and nonelectronic properties
- 68.65.Ac Multilayers
- 68.65.Cd Superlattices
- 68.65.Fg Quantum wells
- 68.65.Hb Quantum dots (patterned in quantum wells)
- 68.65.La Quantum wires (patterned in quantum wells)
- 68.65.Pq Graphene films
- 68.70.+w Whiskers and dendrites (growth, structure, and nonelectronic properties)
- 68.90.+g Other topics in structure, and nonelectronic properties of surfaces and interfaces; thin films and low-dimensional structures
- 71.10.-w Theories and models of many-electron systems
- 71.10.Ay Fermi-liquid theory and other phenomenological models
- 71.10.Ca Electron gas, Fermi gas
- 71.10.Fd Lattice fermion models (Hubbard model, etc.)
- 71.10.Hf Non-Fermi-liquid ground states, electron phase diagrams and phase transitions in model systems
- 71.10.Li Excited states and pairing interactions in model systems
- 71.10.Pm Fermions in reduced dimensions
- 71.15.-m Methods of electronic structure calculations
- 71.15.Ap Basis sets (LCAO, plane-wave, APW, etc.) and related methodology (scattering methods, ASA, linearized methods, etc.)
- 71.15.Dx Computational methodology (Brillouin zone sampling, iterative diagonalization, pseudopotential construction)
- 71.15.Mb Density functional theory, local density approximation, gradient and other corrections
- 71.15.Nc Total energy and cohesive energy calculations
- 71.15.Pd Molecular dynamics calculations (Car-Parrinello) and other numerical simulations
- 71.15.Qe Excited states: methodology
- 71.15.Rf Relativistic effects
- 71.18.+y Fermi surface: calculations and measurements; effective mass, g factor
- 71.20.-b Electron density of states and band structure of crystalline solids
- 71.20.Be Transition metals and alloys
- 71.20.Dg Alkali and alkaline earth metals
- 71.20.Eh Rare earth metals and alloys
- 71.20.Gj Other metals and alloys
- 71.20.Lp Intermetallic compounds
- 71.20.Mq Elemental semiconductors
- 71.20.Nr Semiconductor compounds
- 71.20.Ps Other inorganic compounds
- 71.20.Rv Polymers and organic compounds
- 71.20.Tx Fullerenes and related materials; intercalation compounds
- 71.22.+i Electronic structure of liquid metals and semiconductors and their alloys
- 71.23.-k Electronic structure of disordered solids
- 71.23.An Theories and models; localized states
- 71.23.Cq Amorphous semiconductors, metallic glasses, glasses
- 71.23.Ft Quasicrystals
- 71.27.+a Strongly correlated electron systems; heavy fermions
- 71.28.+d Narrow-band systems; intermediate-valence solids
- 71.30.+h Metal-insulator transitions and other electronic transitions
- 71.35.-y Excitons and related phenomena
- 71.35.Aa Frenkel excitons and self-trapped excitons
- 71.35.Cc Intrinsic properties of excitons; optical absorption spectra
- 71.35.Ee Electron-hole drops and electron-hole plasma
- 71.35.Gg Exciton-mediated interactions
- 71.35.Ji Excitons in magnetic fields; magnetoexcitons
- 71.35.Lk Collective effects (Bose effects, phase space filling, and excitonic phase transitions)
- 71.35.Pq Charged excitons (trions)
- 71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)
- 71.38.-k Polarons and electron-phonon interactions
- 71.38.Cn Mass renormalization in metals
- 71.38.Fp Large or Fröhlich polarons
- 71.38.Ht Self-trapped or small polarons
- 71.38.Mx Bipolarons
- 71.45.-d Collective effects
- 71.45.Gm Exchange, correlation, dielectric and magnetic response functions, plasmons
- 71.45.Lr Charge-density-wave systems
- 71.55.-i Impurity and defect levels
- 71.55.Ak Metals, semimetals, and alloys
- 71.55.Cn Elemental semiconductors
- 71.55.Eq III-V semiconductors
- 71.55.Gs II-VI semiconductors
- 71.55.Ht Other nonmetals
- 71.55.Jv Disordered structures; amorphous and glassy solids
- 71.60.+z Positron states
- 71.70.-d Level splitting and interactions
- 71.70.Ch Crystal and ligand fields
- 71.70.Di Landau levels
- 71.70.Ej Spin-orbit coupling, Zeeman and Stark splitting, Jahn-Teller effect
- 71.70.Fk Strain-induced splitting
- 71.70.Gm Exchange interactions
- 71.70.Jp Nuclear states and interactions
- 71.90.+q Other topics in electronic structure
- 72.10.-d Theory of electronic transport; scattering mechanisms
- 72.10.Bg General formulation of transport theory
- 72.10.Di Scattering by phonons, magnons, and other nonlocalized excitations
- 72.10.Fk Scattering by point defects, dislocations, surfaces, and other imperfections (including Kondo effect)
- 72.15.-v Electronic conduction in metals and alloys
- 72.15.Cz Electrical and thermal conduction in amorphous and liquid metals and alloys
- 72.15.Eb Electrical and thermal conduction in crystalline metals and alloys
- 72.15.Gd Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects
- 72.15.Jf Thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects
- 72.15.Lh Relaxation times and mean free paths
- 72.15.Nj Collective modes (e.g., in one-dimensional conductors)
- 72.15.Qm Scattering mechanisms and Kondo effect
- 72.15.Rn Localization effects (Anderson or weak localization)
- 72.20.-i Conductivity phenomena in semiconductors and insulators
- 72.20.Dp General theory, scattering mechanisms
- 72.20.Ee Mobility edges; hopping transport
- 72.20.Fr Low-field transport and mobility; piezoresistance
- 72.20.Ht High-field and nonlinear effects
- 72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping
- 72.20.My Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects
- 72.20.Pa Thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects
- 72.25.-b Spin polarized transport
- 72.25.Ba Spin polarized transport in metals
- 72.25.Dc Spin polarized transport in semiconductors
- 72.25.Fe Optical creation of spin polarized carriers
- 72.25.Hg Electrical injection of spin polarized carriers
- 72.25.Mk Spin transport through interfaces
- 72.25.Pn Current-driven spin pumping
- 72.25.Rb Spin relaxation and scattering
- 72.30.+q High-frequency effects; plasma effects
- 72.40.+w Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
- 72.50.+b Acoustoelectric effects
- 72.55.+s Magnetoacoustic effects
- 72.60.+g Mixed conductivity and conductivity transitions
- 72.70.+m Noise processes and phenomena
- 72.80.-r Conductivity of specific materials
- 72.80.Cw Elemental semiconductors
- 72.80.Ey III-V and II-VI semiconductors
- 72.80.Ga Transition-metal compounds
- 72.80.Jc Other crystalline inorganic semiconductors
- 72.80.Le Polymers; organic compounds (including organic semiconductors)
- 72.80.Ng Disordered solids
- 72.80.Ph Liquid semiconductors
- 72.80.Rj Fullerenes and related materials
- 72.80.Sk Insulators
- 72.80.Tm Composite materials
- 72.80.Vp Electronic transport in graphene
- 72.90.+y Other topics in electronic transport in condensed matter
- 73.20.-r Electron states at surfaces and interfaces
- 73.20.At Surface states, band structure, electron density of states
- 73.20.Fz Weak or Anderson localization
- 73.20.Hb Impurity and defect levels; energy states of adsorbed species
- 73.20.Jc Delocalization processes
- 73.20.Mf Collective excitations
- 73.20.Qt Electron solids
- 73.21.-b Electron states and collective excitations in multilayers, quantum wells, mesoscopic, and nanoscale systems
- 73.21.Ac Multilayers
- 73.21.Cd Superlattices
- 73.21.Fg Quantum wells
- 73.21.Hb Quantum wires
- 73.21.La Quantum dots
- 73.22.-f Electronic structure of nanoscale materials and related systems
- 73.22.Dj Single particle states
- 73.22.Gk Broken symmetry phases
- 73.22.Lp Collective excitations
- 73.22.Pr Electronic structure of graphene
- 73.23.-b Electronic transport in mesoscopic systems
- 73.23.Ad Ballistic transport
- 73.23.Hk Coulomb blockade; single-electron tunneling
- 73.23.Ra Persistent currents
- 73.25.+i Surface conductivity and carrier phenomena
- 73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions
- 73.40.-c Electronic transport in interface structures
- 73.40.Cg Contact resistance, contact potential
- 73.40.Ei Rectification
- 73.40.Gk Tunneling
- 73.40.Jn Metal-to-metal contacts
- 73.40.Kp III-V semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and heterojunctions
- 73.40.Lq Other semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and heterojunctions
- 73.40.Mr Semiconductor-electrolyte contacts
- 73.40.Ns Metal-nonmetal contacts
- 73.40.Qv Metal-insulator-semiconductor structures (including semiconductor-to-insulator)
- 73.40.Rw Metal-insulator-metal structures
- 73.40.Sx Metal-semiconductor-metal structures
- 73.40.Ty Semiconductor-insulator-semiconductor structures
- 73.40.Vz Semiconductor-metal-semiconductor structures
- 73.43.-f Quantum Hall effects
- 73.43.Cd Theory and modeling
- 73.43.Fj Novel experimental methods; measurements
- 73.43.Jn Tunneling
- 73.43.Lp Collective excitations
- 73.43.Nq Quantum phase transitions
- 73.43.Qt Magnetoresistance
- 73.50.-h Electronic transport phenomena in thin films
- 73.50.Bk General theory, scattering mechanisms
- 73.50.Dn Low-field transport and mobility; piezoresistance
- 73.50.Fq High-field and nonlinear effects
- 73.50.Gr Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, trapping, mean free paths
- 73.50.Jt Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects (including thermomagnetic effects)
- 73.50.Lw Thermoelectric effects
- 73.50.Mx High-frequency effects; plasma effects
- 73.50.Pz Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
- 73.50.Rb Acoustoelectric and magnetoacoustic effects
- 73.50.Td Noise processes and phenomena
- 73.61.-r Electrical properties of specific thin films
- 73.61.At Metal and metallic alloys
- 73.61.Cw Elemental semiconductors
- 73.61.Ey III-V semiconductors
- 73.61.Ga II-VI semiconductors
- 73.61.Jc Amorphous semiconductors; glasses
- 73.61.Le Other inorganic semiconductors
- 73.61.Ng Insulators
- 73.61.Ph Polymers; organic compounds
- 73.61.Wp Fullerenes and related materials
- 73.63.-b Electronic transport in nanoscale materials and structures
- 73.63.Bd Nanocrystalline materials
- 73.63.Fg Nanotubes
- 73.63.Hs Quantum wells
- 73.63.Kv Quantum dots
- 73.63.Nm Quantum wires
- 73.63.Rt Nanoscale contacts
- 73.90.+f Other topics in electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, thin films, and low-dimensional structures
- 74.10.+v Occurrence, potential candidates
- 74.20.-z Theories and models of superconducting state
- 74.20.De Phenomenological theories (two-fluid, Ginzburg-Landau, etc.)
- 74.20.Fg BCS theory and its development
- 74.20.Mn Nonconventional mechanisms
- 74.20.Pq Electronic structure calculations
- 74.20.Rp Pairing symmetries (other than s-wave)
- 74.25.-q Properties of superconductors
- 74.25.Bt Thermodynamic properties
- 74.25.Dw Superconductivity phase diagrams
- 74.25.F- Transport properties
- 74.25.Fy Transport properties (electric and thermal conductivity, thermoelectric effects, etc.)
- 74.25.Gz Optical properties
- 74.25.Ha Magnetic properties including vortex structures and related phenomena
- 74.25.Jb Electronic structure (photoemission, etc.)
- 74.25.Kc Phonons
- 74.25.Ld Mechanical and acoustical properties, elasticity, and ultrasonic attenuation
- 74.25.N- Response to electromagnetic fields
- 74.25.Nf Response to electromagnetic fields (nuclear magnetic resonance, surface impedance, etc.)
- 74.25.Op Mixed states, critical fields, and surface sheaths
- 74.25.Qt Vortex lattices, flux pinning, flux creep
- 74.25.Sv Critical currents
- 74.25.Uv Vortex phases (includes vortex lattices, vortex liquids, and vortex glasses)
- 74.25.Wx Vortex pinning (includes mechanisms and flux creep)
- 74.25.fc Electric and thermal conductivity
- 74.25.fg Thermoelectric effects
- 74.25.nd Raman and optical spectroscopy
- 74.25.nj Nuclear magnetic resonance
- 74.25.nn Surface impedance
- 74.40.+k Fluctuations (noise, chaos, nonequilibrium superconductivity, localization, etc.)
- 74.40.-n Fluctuation phenomena
- 74.40.De Noise and chaos
- 74.40.Gh Nonequilibrium superconductivity
- 74.40.Kb Quantum critical phenomena
- 74.45.+c Proximity effects; Andreev reflection; SN and SNS junctions
- 74.50.+r Tunneling phenomena; Josephson effects
- 74.55.+v Tunneling phenomena: single particle tunneling and STM
- 74.62.-c Transition temperature variations, phase diagrams
- 74.62.Bf Effects of material synthesis, crystal structure, and chemical composition
- 74.62.Dh Effects of crystal defects, doping and substitution
- 74.62.En Effects of disorder
- 74.62.Fj Effects of pressure
- 74.62.Yb Other effects
- 74.70.-b Superconducting materials other than cuprates
- 74.70.Ad Metals; alloys and binary compounds (including A15, MgB2, etc.)
- 74.70.Dd Ternary, quaternary, and multinary compounds (including Chevrel phases, borocarbides, etc.)
- 74.70.Kn Organic superconductors
- 74.70.Pq Ruthenates
- 74.70.Tx Heavy-fermion superconductors
- 74.70.Wz Carbon-based superconductors
- 74.70.Xa Pnictides and chalcogenides
- 74.72.-h Cuprate superconductors
- 74.72.Bk Y-based cuprates
- 74.72.Cj Insulating parent compounds
- 74.72.Dn La-based cuprates
- 74.72.Ek Electron-doped
- 74.72.Gh Hole-doped
- 74.72.Hs Bi-based cuprates
- 74.72.Jt Other cuprates, including Tl and Hg-based cuprates
- 74.72.Kf Pseudogap regime
- 74.78.-w Superconducting films and low-dimensional structures
- 74.78.Bz High-Tc films
- 74.78.Db Low-Tc films
- 74.78.Fk Multilayers, superlattices, heterostructures
- 74.78.Na Mesoscopic and nanoscale systems
- 74.81.-g Inhomogeneous superconductors and superconducting systems, including electronic inhomogeneities
- 74.81.Bd Granular, melt-textured, amorphous, and composite superconductors
- 74.81.Fa Josephson junction arrays and wire networks
- 74.90.+n Other topics in superconductivity
- 75.10.-b General theory and models of magnetic ordering
- 75.10.Dg Crystal-field theory and spin Hamiltonians
- 75.10.Hk Classical spin models
- 75.10.Jm Quantized spin models, including quantum spin frustration
- 75.10.Lp Band and itinerant models
- 75.10.Nr Spin-glass and other random models
- 75.10.Pq Spin chain models
- 75.20.-g Diamagnetism, paramagnetism, and superparamagnetism
- 75.20.Ck Nonmetals
- 75.20.En Metals and alloys
- 75.20.Hr Local moment in compounds and alloys; Kondo effect, valence fluctuations, heavy fermions
- 75.25.+z Spin arrangements in magnetically ordered materials
- 75.25.Dk Orbital, charge, and other orders, including coupling of these orders
- 75.30.-m Intrinsic properties of magnetically ordered materials
- 75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities
- 75.30.Ds Spin waves
- 75.30.Et Exchange and superexchange interactions
- 75.30.Fv Spin-density waves
- 75.30.Gw Magnetic anisotropy
- 75.30.Hx Magnetic impurity interactions
- 75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries
- 75.30.Mb Valence fluctuation, Kondo lattice, and heavy-fermion phenomena
- 75.30.Sg Magnetocaloric effect, magnetic cooling
- 75.30.Wx Spin crossover
- 75.40.-s Critical-point effects, specific heats, short-range order
- 75.40.Cx Static properties (order parameter, static susceptibility, heat capacities, critical exponents, etc.)
- 75.40.Gb Dynamic properties (dynamic susceptibility, spin waves, spin diffusion, dynamic scaling, etc.)
- 75.40.Mg Numerical simulation studies
- 75.45.+j Macroscopic quantum phenomena in magnetic systems
- 75.47.-m Magnetotransport phenomena; materials for magnetotransport
- 75.47.De Giant magnetoresistance
- 75.47.Gk Colossal magnetoresistance
- 75.47.Jn Ballistic magnetoresistance
- 75.47.Lx Magnetic oxides
- 75.47.Np Metals and alloys
- 75.47.Pq Other materials
- 75.50.-y Studies of specific magnetic materials
- 75.50.Bb Fe and its alloys
- 75.50.Cc Other ferromagnetic metals and alloys
- 75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials
- 75.50.Ee Antiferromagnetics
- 75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
- 75.50.Kj Amorphous and quasicrystalline magnetic materials
- 75.50.Lk Spin glasses and other random magnets
- 75.50.Mm Magnetic liquids
- 75.50.Pp Magnetic semiconductors
- 75.50.Ss Magnetic recording materials
- 75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
- 75.50.Vv High coercivity materials
- 75.50.Ww Permanent magnets
- 75.50.Xx Molecular magnets
- 75.60.-d Domain effects, magnetization curves, and hysteresis
- 75.60.Ch Domain walls and domain structure
- 75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
- 75.60.Jk Magnetization reversal mechanisms
- 75.60.Lr Magnetic aftereffects
- 75.60.Nt Magnetic annealing and temperature-hysteresis effects
- 75.70.-i Magnetic properties of thin films, surfaces, and interfaces
- 75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and thin films
- 75.70.Cn Magnetic properties of interfaces (multilayers, superlattices, heterostructures)
- 75.70.Kw Domain structure
- 75.70.Rf Surface magnetism
- 75.70.Tj Spin-orbit effects
- 75.75.+a Magnetic properties of nanostructures
- 75.75.-c Magnetic properties of nanostructures
- 75.75.Cd Fabrication of magnetic nanostructures
- 75.75.Fk Domain structures in nanoparticles
- 75.75.Jn Dynamics of magnetic nanoparticles
- 75.75.Lf Electronic structure of magnetic nanoparticles
- 75.76.+j Spin transport effects
- 75.78.-n Magnetization dynamics
- 75.78.Cd Micromagnetic simulations
- 75.78.Fg Dynamics of domain structures
- 75.78.Jp Ultrafast magnetization dynamics and switching
- 75.80.+q Magnetomechanical effects, magnetostriction
- 75.85.+t Magnetoelectric effects, multiferroics
- 75.90.+w Other topics in magnetic properties and materials
- 76.20.+q General theory of resonances and relaxations
- 76.30.-v Electron paramagnetic resonance and relaxation
- 76.30.Da Ions and impurities: general
- 76.30.Fc Iron group (3d) ions and impurities (Ti-Cu)
- 76.30.He Platinum and palladium group (4d and 5d) ions and impurities (Zr-Ag and Hf-Au)
- 76.30.Kg Rare-earth ions and impurities
- 76.30.Lh Other ions and impurities
- 76.30.Mi Color centers and other defects
- 76.30.Pk Conduction electrons
- 76.30.Rn Free radicals
- 76.40.+b Diamagnetic and cyclotron resonances
- 76.50.+g Ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic resonances; spin-wave resonance
- 76.60.-k Nuclear magnetic resonance and relaxation
- 76.60.Cq Chemical and Knight shifts
- 76.60.Es Relaxation effects
- 76.60.Gv Quadrupole resonance
- 76.60.Jx Effects of internal magnetic fields
- 76.60.Lz Spin echoes
- 76.60.Pc NMR imaging
- 76.70.-r Magnetic double resonances and cross effects
- 76.70.Dx Electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), electron double resonance (ELDOR)
- 76.70.Fz Double nuclear magnetic resonance (DNMR), dynamical nuclear polarization
- 76.70.Hb Optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR)
- 76.75.+i Muon spin rotation and relaxation
- 76.80.+y Mössbauer effect; other γ-ray spectroscopy
- 76.90.+d Other topics in magnetic resonances and relaxations
- 77.22.-d Dielectric properties of solids and liquids
- 77.22.Ch Permittivity
- 77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
- 77.22.Gm Dielectric loss and relaxation
- 77.22.Jp Dielectric breakdown and space-charge effects
- 77.55.+f Dielectric thin films
- 77.55.-g Dielectric thin films
- 77.55.Bh Low-permittivity dielectric films
- 77.55.D- High-permittivity gate dielectric films
- 77.55.F- High-permittivity capacitive films
- 77.55.H- Piezoelectric and electrostrictive films
- 77.55.Kt Pyroelectric films
- 77.55.Nv Multiferroic/magnetoelectric films
- 77.55.Px Epitaxial and superlattice films
- 77.55.df For silicon electronics
- 77.55.dj For nonsilicon electronics (Ge, III-V, II-VI, organic electronics)
- 77.55.fb Paraelectric films
- 77.55.fe BaTiO3-based films
- 77.55.fg Pb(Zr,Ti)O3-based films
- 77.55.fj Niobate- and tantalate-based films
- 77.55.fp Other ferroelectric films
- 77.55.hd AlN
- 77.55.hf ZnO
- 77.55.hj PZT
- 77.55.hn Other piezoelectric or electrostrictive films
- 77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects
- 77.65.Bn Piezoelectric and electrostrictive constants
- 77.65.Dq Acoustoelectric effects and surface acoustic waves
- 77.65.Fs Electromechanical resonance; quartz resonators
- 77.65.Ly Strain-induced piezoelectric fields
- 77.70.+a Pyroelectric and electrocaloric effects
- 77.80.-e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity
- 77.80.B- Phase transitions and Curie point
- 77.80.Bh Phase transitions and Curie point
- 77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
- 77.80.Fm Switching phenomena
- 77.80.Jk Relaxor ferroelectrics
- 77.80.bg Compositional effects
- 77.80.bj Scaling effects
- 77.80.bn Strain and interface effects
- 77.84.-s Dielectric, piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and antiferroelectric materials
- 77.84.Bw Elements, oxides, nitrides, borides, carbides, chalcogenides, etc.
- 77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
- 77.84.Dy Niobates, titanates, tantalates, PZT ceramics, etc.
- 77.84.Ek Niobates and tantalates
- 77.84.Fa KDP- and TGS-type crystals
- 77.84.Jd Polymers; organic compounds
- 77.84.Lf Composite materials
- 77.84.Nh Liquids, emulsions, and suspensions; liquid crystals
- 77.90.+k Other topics in dielectrics, piezoelectrics, and ferroelectrics and their properties
- 78.15.+e Optical properties of fluid materials, supercritical fluids and liquid crystals
- 78.20.-e Optical properties of bulk materials and thin films
- 78.20.Bh Theory, models, and numerical simulation
- 78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
- 78.20.Ek Optical activity
- 78.20.Fm Birefringence
- 78.20.H- Piezo-, elasto-optical effects
- 78.20.Hp Piezo-, elasto-, and acoustooptical effects; photoacoustic effects
- 78.20.Jq Electro-optical effects
- 78.20.Ls Magneto-optical effects
- 78.20.Mg Photorefractive effects
- 78.20.N- Thermo-optic effects
- 78.20.Nv Thermooptical and photothermal effects
- 78.20.Pa Photoacoustic effects
- 78.20.hb Piezo-optical, elasto-optical, acousto-optical, and photoelastic effects
- 78.20.hc Laser ultrasonics
- 78.20.nb Photothermal effects
- 78.20.nc Photopyroelectric effects
- 78.20.nd Thermophotonic effects
- 78.30.-j Infrared and Raman spectra
- 78.30.Am Elemental semiconductors and insulators
- 78.30.C- Liquids
- 78.30.Cp Liquids
- 78.30.Er Solid metals and alloys
- 78.30.Fs III-V and II-VI semiconductors
- 78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics
- 78.30.Jw Organic compounds, polymers
- 78.30.Ly Disordered solids
- 78.30.Na Fullerenes and related materials
- 78.30.cb Organic liquids
- 78.30.cc Inorganic liquids
- 78.30.cd Solutions and ionic liquids
- 78.35.+c Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering; other light scattering
- 78.40.-q Absorption and reflection spectra: visible and ultraviolet
- 78.40.Dw Liquids
- 78.40.Fy Semiconductors
- 78.40.Ha Other nonmetallic inorganics
- 78.40.Kc Metals, semimetals, and alloys
- 78.40.Me Organic compounds and polymers
- 78.40.Pg Disordered solids
- 78.40.Ri Fullerenes and related materials
- 78.45.+h Stimulated emission
- 78.47.+p Time-resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter
- 78.47.-p Spectroscopy of solid state dynamics
- 78.47.Cd Time resolved luminescence
- 78.47.D- Time resolved spectroscopy (>1 psec)
- 78.47.Fg Coherent nonlinear optical spectroscopy
- 78.47.J- Ultrafast spectroscopy (
- 78.47.N- High resolution nonlinear optical spectroscopy
- 78.47.da Excited states
- 78.47.db Conduction electrons
- 78.47.dc Radicals
- 78.47.jb Transient absorption
- 78.47.jc Time resolved spectroscopy (> 1 psec)
- 78.47.jd Time resolved luminescence
- 78.47.je Time resolved light scattering spectroscopy
- 78.47.jf Photon echoes
- 78.47.jg Time resolved reflection spectroscopy
- 78.47.jh Coherent nonlinear optical spectroscopy
- 78.47.jj Transient grating spectroscopy
- 78.47.jm Quantum beats
- 78.47.jp Optical nutation
- 78.47.js Free polarization decay
- 78.47.nd Hole burning spectroscopy
- 78.47.nj Four-wave mixing spectroscopy
- 78.55.-m Photoluminescence, properties and materials
- 78.55.Ap Elemental semiconductors
- 78.55.Bq Liquids
- 78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
- 78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors
- 78.55.Fv Solid alkali halides
- 78.55.Hx Other solid inorganic materials
- 78.55.Kz Solid organic materials
- 78.55.Mb Porous materials
- 78.55.Qr Amorphous materials; glasses and other disordered solids
- 78.56.-a Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
- 78.56.Cd Photocarrier radiometry
- 78.60.-b Other luminescence and radiative recombination
- 78.60.Fi Electroluminescence
- 78.60.Hk Cathodoluminescence, ionoluminescence
- 78.60.Kn Thermoluminescence
- 78.60.Lc Optically stimulated luminescence
- 78.60.Mq Sonoluminescence, triboluminescence
- 78.60.Ps Chemiluminescence
- 78.66.-w Optical properties of specific thin films
- 78.66.Bz Metals and metallic alloys
- 78.66.Db Elemental semiconductors and insulators
- 78.66.Fd III-V semiconductors
- 78.66.Hf II-VI semiconductors
- 78.66.Jg Amorphous semiconductors; glasses
- 78.66.Li Other semiconductors
- 78.66.Nk Insulators
- 78.66.Qn Polymers; organic compounds
- 78.66.Sq Composite materials
- 78.66.Tr Fullerenes and related materials
- 78.66.Vs Fine-particle systems
- 78.67.-n Optical properties of low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale materials and structures
- 78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
- 78.67.Ch Nanotubes
- 78.67.De Quantum wells
- 78.67.Hc Quantum dots
- 78.67.Lt Quantum wires
- 78.67.Pt Multilayers; superlattices; photonic structures; metamaterials
- 78.67.Qa Nanorods
- 78.67.Rb Nanoporous materials
- 78.67.Sc Nanoaggregates; nanocomposites
- 78.67.Tf Nanodroplets
- 78.67.Uh Nanowires
- 78.67.Ve Nanomicelles
- 78.67.Wj Optical properties of graphene
- 78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces
- 78.70.-g Interactions of particles and radiation with matter
- 78.70.Bj Positron annihilation
- 78.70.Ck X-ray scattering
- 78.70.Dm X-ray absorption spectra
- 78.70.En X-ray emission spectra and fluorescence
- 78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions
- 78.70.Nx Neutron inelastic scattering
- 78.70.Ps Scintillation
- 78.90.+t Other topics in optical properties, condensed matter spectroscopy and other interactions of particles and radiation with condensed matter
- 79.05.+c Solvated electrons
- 79.20.-m Impact phenomena (including electron spectra and sputtering)
- 79.20.Ap Theory of impact phenomena; numerical simulation
- 79.20.Ds Laser-beam impact phenomena
- 79.20.Eb Laser ablation
- 79.20.Fv Electron impact: Auger emission
- 79.20.Hx Electron impact: secondary emission
- 79.20.Kz Other electron-impact emission phenomena
- 79.20.La Photon- and electron-stimulated desorption
- 79.20.Mb Positron emission
- 79.20.Rf Atomic, molecular, and ion beam impact and interactions with surfaces
- 79.20.Uv Electron energy loss spectroscopy
- 79.20.Ws Multiphoton absorption
- 79.40.+z Thermionic emission
- 79.60.-i Photoemission and photoelectron spectra
- 79.60.Bm Clean metal, semiconductor, and insulator surfaces
- 79.60.Cn Liquids and liquid surfaces
- 79.60.Dp Adsorbed layers and thin films
- 79.60.Fr Polymers; organic compounds
- 79.60.Ht Disordered structures
- 79.60.Jv Interfaces; heterostructures; nanostructures
- 79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
- 79.75.+g Exoelectron emission
- 79.77.+g Coulomb explosion
- 79.90.+b Other topics in electron and ion emission by liquids and solids and impact phenomena
- 81.05.-t Specific materials: fabrication, treatment, testing, and analysis
- 81.05.Bx Metals, semimetals, and alloys
- 81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors
- 81.05.Dz II-VI semiconductors
- 81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors
- 81.05.Fb Organic semiconductors
- 81.05.Gc Amorphous semiconductors
- 81.05.Hd Other semiconductors
- 81.05.Je Ceramics and refractories
- 81.05.Kf Glasses (including metallic glasses)
- 81.05.Lg Polymers and plastics; rubber; synthetic and natural fibers; organometallic and organic materials
- 81.05.Mh Cermets, ceramic and refractory composites
- 81.05.Ni Dispersion-, fiber-, and platelet-reinforced metal-based composites
- 81.05.Pj Glass-based composites, vitroceramics
- 81.05.Qk Reinforced polymers and polymer-based composites
- 81.05.Rm Porous materials; granular materials
- 81.05.Tp Fullerenes and related materials
- 81.05.U- Carbon/carbon-based materials
- 81.05.Uw Carbon, diamond, graphite
- 81.05.Xj Metamaterials for chiral, bianisotropic and other complex media
- 81.05.Zx New materials: theory, design, and fabrication
- 81.05.ub Fullerenes and related materials
- 81.05.ue Graphene
- 81.05.uf Graphite
- 81.05.ug Diamond
- 81.05.uj Diamond/nanocarbon composites
- 81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
- 81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
- 81.07.De Nanotubes
- 81.07.Gf Nanowires
- 81.07.Lk Nanocontacts
- 81.07.Nb Molecular nanostructures
- 81.07.Oj Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS)
- 81.07.Pr Organic-inorganic hybrid nanostructures
- 81.07.St Quantum wells
- 81.07.Ta Quantum dots
- 81.07.Vb Quantum wires
- 81.07.Wx Nanopowders
- 81.10.-h Methods of crystal growth; physics and chemistry of crystal growth, crystal morphology, and orientation
- 81.10.Aj Theory and models of crystal growth; physics and chemistry of crystal growth, crystal morphology, and orientation
- 81.10.Bk Growth from vapor
- 81.10.Dn Growth from solutions
- 81.10.Fq Growth from melts; zone melting and refining
- 81.10.Jt Growth from solid phases (including multiphase diffusion and recrystallization)
- 81.10.Mx Growth in microgravity environments
- 81.10.Pq Growth in vacuum
- 81.10.St Growth in controlled gaseous atmospheres
- 81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
- 81.15.Aa Theory and models of film growth
- 81.15.Cd Deposition by sputtering
- 81.15.Dj E-beam and hot filament evaporation deposition
- 81.15.Ef Vacuum deposition
- 81.15.Fg Pulsed laser ablation deposition
- 81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition
- 81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy
- 81.15.Jj Ion and electron beam-assisted deposition; ion plating
- 81.15.Kk Vapor phase epitaxy; growth from vapor phase
- 81.15.Lm Liquid phase epitaxy; deposition from liquid phases (melts, solutions, and surface layers on liquids)
- 81.15.Np Solid phase epitaxy; growth from solid phases
- 81.15.Pq Electrodeposition, electroplating
- 81.15.Rs Spray coating techniques
- 81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
- 81.16.Be Chemical synthesis methods
- 81.16.Dn Self-assembly
- 81.16.Fg Supramolecular and biochemical assembly
- 81.16.Hc Catalytic methods
- 81.16.Mk Laser-assisted deposition
- 81.16.Nd Micro- and nanolithography
- 81.16.Pr Micro- and nano-oxidation
- 81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
- 81.16.Ta Atom manipulation
- 81.20.-n Methods of materials synthesis and materials processing
- 81.20.Ev Powder processing: powder metallurgy, compaction, sintering, mechanical alloying, and granulation
- 81.20.Fw Sol-gel processing, precipitation
- 81.20.Hy Forming; molding, extrusion, etc.
- 81.20.Ka Chemical synthesis; combustion synthesis
- 81.20.Rg Aerosols in materials synthesis and processing
- 81.20.Vj Joining; welding
- 81.20.Wk Machining, milling
- 81.20.Ym Purification
- 81.30.-t Phase diagrams and microstructures developed by solidification and solid-solid phase transformations
- 81.30.Bx Phase diagrams of metals, alloys, and oxides
- 81.30.Dz Phase diagrams of other materials
- 81.30.Fb Solidification
- 81.30.Hd Constant-composition solid-solid phase transformations: polymorphic, massive, and order-disorder
- 81.30.Kf Martensitic transformations
- 81.30.Mh Solid-phase precipitation
- 81.40.-z Treatment of materials and its effects on microstructure, nanostructure, and properties
- 81.40.Cd Solid solution hardening, precipitation hardening, and dispersion hardening; aging
- 81.40.Ef Cold working, work hardening; annealing, post-deformation annealing, quenching, tempering recovery, and crystallization
- 81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
- 81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
- 81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
- 81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking, fracture, and failure
- 81.40.Pq Friction, lubrication, and wear
- 81.40.Rs Electrical and magnetic properties related to treatment conditions
- 81.40.Tv Optical and dielectric properties related to treatment conditions
- 81.40.Vw Pressure treatment
- 81.40.Wx Radiation treatment
- 81.65.-b Surface treatments
- 81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning
- 81.65.Kn Corrosion protection
- 81.65.Lp Surface hardening: nitridation, carburization, carbonitridation
- 81.65.Mq Oxidation
- 81.65.Ps Polishing, grinding, surface finishing
- 81.65.Rv Passivation
- 81.65.Tx Gettering
- 81.70.-q Methods of materials testing and analysis
- 81.70.Bt Mechanical testing, impact tests, static and dynamic loads
- 81.70.Cv Nondestructive testing: ultrasonic testing, photoacoustic testing
- 81.70.Ex Nondestructive testing: electromagnetic testing, eddy-current testing
- 81.70.Fy Nondestructive testing: optical methods
- 81.70.Ha Testing in microgravity environments
- 81.70.Jb Chemical composition analysis, chemical depth and dopant profiling
- 81.70.Pg Thermal analysis, differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential thermogravimetric analysis
- 81.70.Tx Computed tomography
- 81.90.+c Other topics in materials science
- 82.20.-w Chemical kinetics and dynamics
- 82.20.Bc State selected dynamics and product distribution
- 82.20.Db Transition state theory and statistical theories of rate constants
- 82.20.Ej Quantum theory of reaction cross section
- 82.20.Fd Collision theories; trajectory models
- 82.20.Gk Electronically non-adiabatic reactions
- 82.20.Hf Product distribution
- 82.20.Kh Potential energy surfaces for chemical reactions
- 82.20.Ln Semiclassical theory of reactions and/or energy transfer
- 82.20.Nk Classical theories of reactions and/or energy transfer
- 82.20.Pm Rate constants, reaction cross sections, and activation energies
- 82.20.Rp State to state energy transfer
- 82.20.Sb Correlation function theory of rate constants and its applications
- 82.20.Tr Kinetic isotope effects including muonium
- 82.20.Uv Stochastic theories of rate constants
- 82.20.Wt Computational modeling; simulation
- 82.20.Xr Quantum effects in rate constants (tunneling, resonances, etc.)
- 82.20.Yn Solvent effects on reactivity
- 82.30.-b Specific chemical reactions; reaction mechanisms
- 82.30.Cf Atom and radical reactions; chain reactions; molecule-molecule reactions
- 82.30.Fi Ion-molecule, ion-ion, and charge-transfer reactions
- 82.30.Gg Positronium chemistry
- 82.30.Hk Chemical exchanges (substitution, atom transfer, abstraction, disproportionation, and group exchange)
- 82.30.Lp Decomposition reactions (pyrolysis, dissociation, and fragmentation)
- 82.30.Nr Association, addition, insertion, cluster formation
- 82.30.Qt Isomerization and rearrangement
- 82.30.Rs Hydrogen bonding, hydrophilic effects
- 82.30.Vy Homogeneous catalysis in solution, polymers and zeolites
- 82.33.-z Reactions in various media
- 82.33.De Reactions in supercritical fluids
- 82.33.Fg Reactions in clusters
- 82.33.Hk Reactions on clusters
- 82.33.Jx Reactions in zeolites
- 82.33.Ln Reactions in sol gels, aerogels, porous media
- 82.33.Nq Reactions in micells
- 82.33.Pt Solid state chemistry
- 82.33.Tb Atmospheric chemistry
- 82.33.Vx Reactions in flames, combustion, and explosions
- 82.33.Xj Plasma reactions (including flowing afterglow and electric discharges)
- 82.33.Ya Chemistry of MOCVD and other vapor deposition methods
- 82.35.-x Polymers: properties; reactions; polymerization
- 82.35.Cd Conducting polymers
- 82.35.Ej Nonlinear optics with polymers
- 82.35.Gh Polymers on surfaces; adhesion
- 82.35.Jk Copolymers, phase transitions, structure
- 82.35.Lr Physical properties of polymers
- 82.35.Np Nanoparticles in polymers
- 82.35.Pq Biopolymers, biopolymerization
- 82.35.Rs Polyelectrolytes
- 82.37.-j Single molecule kinetics
- 82.37.Gk STM and AFM manipulations of a single molecule
- 82.37.Np Single molecule reaction kinetics, dissociation, etc.
- 82.37.Rs Single molecule manipulation of proteins and other biological molecules
- 82.37.Vb Single molecule photochemistry
- 82.39.-k Chemical kinetics in biological systems
- 82.39.Fk Enzyme kinetics
- 82.39.Jn Charge (electron, proton) transfer in biological systems
- 82.39.Pj Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA bases
- 82.39.Rt Reactions in complex biological systems
- 82.39.Wj Ion exchange, dialysis, osmosis, electro-osmosis, membrane processes
- 82.40.-g Chemical kinetics and reactions: special regimes and techniques
- 82.40.Bj Oscillations, chaos, and bifurcations
- 82.40.Ck Pattern formation in reactions with diffusion, flow and heat transfer
- 82.40.Fp Shock wave initiated reactions, high-pressure chemistry
- 82.40.Np Temporal and spatial patterns in surface reactions
- 82.40.Qt Complex chemical systems
- 82.45.-h Electrochemistry and electrophoresis
- 82.45.Aa Electrochemical synthesis
- 82.45.Bb Corrosion and passivation
- 82.45.Cc Anodic films
- 82.45.Fk Electrodes
- 82.45.Gj Electrolytes
- 82.45.Hk Electrolysis
- 82.45.Jn Surface structure, reactivity and catalysis
- 82.45.Mp Thin layers, films, monolayers, membranes
- 82.45.Qr Electrodeposition and electrodissolution
- 82.45.Rr Electroanalytical chemistry
- 82.45.Tv Bioelectrochemistry
- 82.45.Un Dielectric materials in electrochemistry
- 82.45.Vp Semiconductor materials in electrochemistry
- 82.45.Wx Polymers and organic materials in electrochemistry
- 82.45.Xy Ceramics in electrochemistry
- 82.45.Yz Nanostructured materials in electrochemistry
- 82.47.-a Applied electrochemistry
- 82.47.Aa Lithium-ion batteries
- 82.47.Cb Lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride and other batteries
- 82.47.Ed Solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
- 82.47.Gh Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells
- 82.47.Jk Photoelectrochemical cells, photoelectrochromic and other hybrid electrochemical energy storage devices
- 82.47.Lh Molten-carbonate fuel cells (MCFC)
- 82.47.Nj Polymer-electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC)
- 82.47.Pm Phosphoric-acid fuel cells (PAFC); other fuel cells
- 82.47.Rs Electrochemical sensors
- 82.47.Tp Electrochemical displays
- 82.47.Uv Electrochemical capacitors; supercapacitors
- 82.47.Wx Electrochemical engineering
- 82.50.-m Photochemistry
- 82.50.Bc Processes caused by infrared radiation
- 82.50.Hp Processes caused by visible and UV light
- 82.50.Kx Processes caused by X-rays or γ-rays
- 82.50.Nd Control of photochemical reactions
- 82.50.Pt Multiphoton processes
- 82.53.-k Femtochemistry [see also 78.47.J-; Ultrafast spectroscopy (
- 82.53.Eb Pump probe studies of photodissociation
- 82.53.Hn Pump probe experiments with bound states
- 82.53.Kp Coherent spectroscopy of atoms and molecules
- 82.53.Mj Femtosecond probing of semiconductor nanostructures
- 82.53.Ps Femtosecond probing of biological molecules
- 82.53.St Femtochemistry of adsorbed molecules
- 82.53.Uv Femtosecond probes of molecules in liquids
- 82.53.Xa Femtosecond probes of molecules in solids and of molecular solids
- 82.56.-b Nuclear magnetic resonance
- 82.56.Dj High resolution NMR
- 82.56.Fk Multidimensional NMR
- 82.56.Hg Multinuclear NMR
- 82.56.Jn Pulse sequences in NMR
- 82.56.Lz Diffusion
- 82.56.Na Relaxation
- 82.56.Pp NMR of biomolecules
- 82.56.Ub Structure determination with NMR
- 82.60.-s Chemical thermodynamics
- 82.60.Cx Enthalpies of combustion, reaction, and formation
- 82.60.Fa Heat capacities and heats of phase transitions
- 82.60.Hc Chemical equilibria and equilibrium constants
- 82.60.Lf Thermodynamics of solutions
- 82.60.Nh Thermodynamics of nucleation
- 82.60.Qr Thermodynamics of nanoparticles
- 82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces
- 82.70.-y Disperse systems; complex fluids
- 82.70.Dd Colloids
- 82.70.Gg Gels and sols
- 82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions
- 82.70.Rr Aerosols and foams
- 82.70.Uv Surfactants, micellar solutions, vesicles, lamellae, amphiphilic systems,
- 82.75.-z Molecular sieves, zeolites, clathrates, and other complex solids
- 82.75.Fq Synthesis, structure determination, structure modeling
- 82.75.Jn Measurements and modeling of molecule migration in zeolites
- 82.75.Mj Measurements and simulation of properties (optical, structural) of molecules in zeolites
- 82.75.Qt Mechanism and kinetics of catalysis in zeolites (measurements or simulations)
- 82.75.Vx Clusters in zeolites
- 82.80.-d Chemical analysis and related physical methods of analysis
- 82.80.Bg Chromatography
- 82.80.Dx Analytical methods involving electronic spectroscopy
- 82.80.Ej X-ray, Mössbauer, and other γ-ray spectroscopic analysis methods
- 82.80.Fk Electrochemical methods
- 82.80.Gk Analytical methods involving vibrational spectroscopy
- 82.80.Ha Analytical methods involving rotational spectroscopy
- 82.80.Jp Activation analysis and other radiochemical methods
- 82.80.Kq Energy-conversion spectro-analytical methods (e.g., photoacoustic, photothermal, and optogalvanic spectroscopic methods)
- 82.80.Ms Mass spectrometry (including SIMS, multiphoton ionization and resonance ionization mass spectrometry, MALDI)
- 82.80.Nj Fourier transform mass spectrometry
- 82.80.Pv Electron spectroscopy (X-ray photoelectron (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), etc.)
- 82.80.Qx Ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
- 82.80.Rt Time of flight mass spectrometry
- 82.80.Yc Rutherford backscattering (RBS), and other methods of chemical analysis
- 82.90.+j Other topics in physical chemistry and chemical physics
- 83.10.-y Fundamentals and theoretical
- 83.10.Bb Kinematics of deformation and flow
- 83.10.Ff Continuum mechanics
- 83.10.Gr Constitutive relations
- 83.10.Kn Reptation and tube theories
- 83.10.Mj Molecular dynamics, Brownian dynamics
- 83.10.Pp Particle dynamics
- 83.10.Rs Computer simulation of molecular and particle dynamics
- 83.10.Tv Structural and phase changes
- 83.50.-v Deformation and flow
- 83.50.Ax Steady shear flows, viscometric flow
- 83.50.Ha Flow in channels
- 83.50.Jf Extensional flow and combined shear and extension
- 83.50.Lh Slip boundary effects
- 83.50.Rp Wall slip and apparent slip
- 83.50.Uv Material processing (extension, molding, etc.)
- 83.50.Xa Mixing and blending
- 83.60.-a Material behavior
- 83.60.Bc Linear viscoelasticity
- 83.60.Df Nonlinear viscoelasticity
- 83.60.Fg Shear rate dependent viscosity
- 83.60.Hc Normal stress differences and their effects (e.g. rod climbing)
- 83.60.Jk Extrudate swell
- 83.60.La Viscoplasticity; yield stress
- 83.60.Np Effects of electric and magnetic fields
- 83.60.Pq Time-dependent structure (thixotropy, rheopexy)
- 83.60.Rs Shear rate-dependent structure (shear thinning and shear thickening)
- 83.60.St Non-isothermal rheology
- 83.60.Uv Wave propagation, fracture, and crack healing
- 83.60.Wc Flow instabilities
- 83.60.Yz Drag reduction
- 83.80.-k Material type
- 83.80.Ab Solids: e.g., composites, glasses, semicrystalline polymers
- 83.80.Fg Granular solids
- 83.80.Gv Electro- and magnetorheological fluids
- 83.80.Hj Suspensions, dispersions, pastes, slurries, colloids
- 83.80.Iz Emulsions and foams
- 83.80.Jx Reacting systems: thermosetting polymers, chemorheology, rheokinetics
- 83.80.Kn Physical gels and microgels
- 83.80.Lz Physiological materials (e.g. blood, collagen, etc.)
- 83.80.Mc Other natural materials (e.g. wood and other vegetable materials)
- 83.80.Nb Geological materials: Earth, magma, ice, rocks, etc.
- 83.80.Qr Surfactant and micellar systems, associated polymers
- 83.80.Rs Polymer solutions
- 83.80.Sg Polymer melts
- 83.80.Tc Polymer blends
- 83.80.Uv Block copolymers
- 83.80.Va Elastomeric polymers
- 83.80.Wx Filled elastomers
- 83.80.Xz Liquid crystals: nematic, cholesteric, smectic, discotic, etc.
- 83.80.Ya Processed food
- 83.85.-c Techniques and apparatus
- 83.85.Cg Rheological measurements—rheometry
- 83.85.Ei Optical methods; rheo-optics
- 83.85.Fg NMR/magnetic resonance imaging
- 83.85.Hf X-ray and neutron scattering
- 83.85.Jn Viscosity measurements
- 83.85.Lq Normal stress difference measurements
- 83.85.Ns Data analysis
- 83.85.Pt Computational fluid dynamics
- 83.85.Rx Extensional flow measurement
- 83.85.St Stress relaxation
- 83.85.Tz Creep and/or creep recoil
- 83.85.Vb Small amplitude oscillatory shear (dynamic mechanical analysis)
- 83.90.+s Other topics in rheology
- 84.30.-r Electronic circuits
- 84.30.Bv Circuit theory
- 84.30.Jc Power electronics; power supply circuits
- 84.30.Le Amplifiers
- 84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators
- 84.30.Qi Modulators and demodulators; discriminators, comparators, mixers, limiters, and compressors
- 84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits
- 84.30.Vn Filters
- 84.32.-y Passive circuit components
- 84.32.Dd Connectors, relays, and switches
- 84.32.Ff Conductors, resistors (including thermistors, varistors, and photoresistors)
- 84.32.Hh Inductors and coils; wiring
- 84.32.Tt Capacitors
- 84.32.Vv Fuses
- 84.35.+i Neural networks
- 84.37.+q Measurements in electric variables (including voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance, impedance, and admittance, etc.)
- 84.40.-x Radiowave and microwave
- 84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines
- 84.40.Ba Antennas: theory, components and accessories
- 84.40.Dc Microwave circuits
- 84.40.Fe Microwave tubes (e.g., klystrons, magnetrons, traveling-wave, backward-wave tubes, etc.)
- 84.40.Ik Masers; gyrotrons (cyclotron-resonance masers)
- 84.40.Lj Microwave integrated electronics
- 84.40.Ua Telecommunications: signal transmission and processing; communication satellites
- 84.40.Xb Telemetry: remote control, remote sensing; radar
- 84.47.+w Vacuum tubes
- 84.50.+d Electric motors
- 84.60.-h Direct energy conversion and storage
- 84.60.Bk Performance characteristics of energy conversion systems; figure of merit
- 84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion: solar cells and arrays
- 84.60.Lw Magnetohydrodynamic conversion
- 84.60.Ny Thermionic conversion
- 84.60.Rb Thermoelectric, electrogasdynamic and other direct energy conversion
- 84.60.Ve Energy storage systems, including capacitor banks
- 84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology: power systems; power transmission lines and cables
- 84.71.-b Superconducting high-power technology
- 84.71.Ba Superconducting magnets; magnetic levitation devices
- 84.71.Fk Superconducting cables
- 84.71.Mn Superconducting wires, fibers, and tapes
- 84.90.+a Other topics in electronics, radiowave and microwave technology, and direct energy conversion and storage
- 85.25.-j Superconducting devices
- 85.25.Am Superconducting device characterization, design, and modeling
- 85.25.Cp Josephson devices
- 85.25.Dq Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs)
- 85.25.Hv Superconducting logic elements and memory devices; microelectronic circuits
- 85.25.Oj Superconducting optical, X-ray, and γ-ray detectors (SIS, NIS, transition edge)
- 85.25.Pb Superconducting infrared, submillimeter and millimeter wave detectors
- 85.25.Qc Superconducting surface acoustic wave devices and other superconducting devices
- 85.30.-z Semiconductor devices
- 85.30.De Semiconductor-device characterization, design, and modeling
- 85.30.Fg Bulk semiconductor and conductivity oscillation devices (including Hall effect devices, space-charge-limited devices, and Gunn effect devices)
- 85.30.Hi Surface barrier, boundary, and point contact devices
- 85.30.Kk Junction diodes
- 85.30.Mn Junction breakdown and tunneling devices (including resonance tunneling devices)
- 85.30.Pq Bipolar transistors
- 85.30.Rs Thyristors
- 85.30.Tv Field effect devices
- 85.35.-p Nanoelectronic devices
- 85.35.Be Quantum well devices (quantum dots, quantum wires, etc.)
- 85.35.Ds Quantum interference devices
- 85.35.Gv Single electron devices
- 85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
- 85.40.-e Microelectronics: LSI, VLSI, ULSI; integrated circuit fabrication technology
- 85.40.Bh Computer-aided design of microcircuits; layout and modeling
- 85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer
- 85.40.Ls Metallization, contacts, interconnects; device isolation
- 85.40.Qx Microcircuit quality, noise, performance, and failure analysis
- 85.40.Ry Impurity doping, diffusion and ion implantation technology
- 85.40.Sz Deposition technology
- 85.40.Xx Hybrid microelectronics; thick films
- 85.45.-w Vacuum microelectronics
- 85.45.Bz Vacuum microelectronic device characterization, design, and modeling
- 85.45.Db Field emitters and arrays, cold electron emitters
- 85.45.Fd Field emission displays (FEDs)
- 85.50.-n Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices
- 85.50.Gk Non-volatile ferroelectric memories
- 85.60.-q Optoelectronic devices
- 85.60.Bt Optoelectronic device characterization, design, and modeling
- 85.60.Dw Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors
- 85.60.Gz Photodetectors
- 85.60.Ha Photomultipliers; phototubes and photocathodes
- 85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
- 85.60.Pg Display systems
- 85.65.+h Molecular electronic devices
- 85.70.-w Magnetic devices
- 85.70.Ay Magnetic device characterization, design, and modeling
- 85.70.Ec Magnetostrictive, magnetoacoustic, and magnetostatic devices
- 85.70.Ge Ferrite and garnet devices
- 85.70.Kh Magnetic thin film devices: magnetic heads (magnetoresistive, inductive, etc.); domain-motion devices, etc.
- 85.70.Li Other magnetic recording and storage devices (including tapes, disks, and drums)
- 85.70.Rp Magnetic levitation, propulsion and control devices
- 85.70.Sq Magnetooptical devices
- 85.75.-d Magnetoelectronics; spintronics: devices exploiting spin polarized transport or integrated magnetic fields
- 85.75.Bb Magnetic memory using giant magnetoresistance
- 85.75.Dd Magnetic memory using magnetic tunnel junctions
- 85.75.Ff Reprogrammable magnetic logic
- 85.75.Hh Spin polarized field effect transistors
- 85.75.Mm Spin polarized resonant tunnel junctions
- 85.75.Nn Hybrid Hall devices
- 85.75.Ss Magnetic field sensors using spin polarized transport
- 85.80.-b Thermoelectromagnetic and other devices
- 85.80.Fi Thermoelectric devices
- 85.80.Jm Magnetoelectric devices
- 85.80.Lp Magnetothermal devices
- 85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
- 85.90.+h Other topics in electronic and magnetic devices and microelectronics
- 87.10.+e General theory and mathematical aspects
- 87.10.-e General theory and mathematical aspects
- 87.10.Ca Analytical theories
- 87.10.Ed Ordinary differential equations (ODE), partial differential equations (PDE), integrodifferential models
- 87.10.Hk Lattice models
- 87.10.Kn Finite element calculations
- 87.10.Mn Stochastic modeling
- 87.10.Pq Elasticity theory
- 87.10.Rt Monte Carlo simulations
- 87.10.Tf Molecular dynamics simulation
- 87.10.Vg Biological information
- 87.14.-g Biomolecules: types
- 87.14.Cc Lipids
- 87.14.Df Carbohydrates
- 87.14.E- Proteins
- 87.14.Ee Proteins
- 87.14.G- Nucleic acids
- 87.14.Gg DNA, RNA
- 87.14.Lk Hormones
- 87.14.Pq Vitamins
- 87.14.ef Peptides
- 87.14.ej Enzymes
- 87.14.em Fibrils (amyloids, collagen, etc.)
- 87.14.ep Membrane proteins
- 87.14.et Generic models (lattice, HP, etc.)
- 87.14.gf Nucleotides
- 87.14.gk DNA
- 87.14.gn RNA
- 87.15.-v Biomolecules: structure and physical properties
- 87.15.A- Theory, modeling, and computer simulation
- 87.15.Aa Theory and modeling; computer simulation
- 87.15.B- Structure of biomolecules
- 87.15.By Structure and bonding
- 87.15.Cc Folding: thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, models, and pathways
- 87.15.Fh Bonding; mechanisms of bond breakage
- 87.15.H- Dynamics of biomolecules
- 87.15.He Dynamics and conformational changes
- 87.15.K- Molecular interactions; membrane-protein interactions
- 87.15.Kg Molecular interactions; membrane-protein interactions
- 87.15.La Mechanical properties
- 87.15.M- Spectra of biomolecules
- 87.15.Mi Spectra, photodissociation, and photoionization; luminescence
- 87.15.N- Properties of solutions of macromolecules
- 87.15.Nn Properties of solutions; aggregation and crystallization of macromolecules
- 87.15.Pc Electronic and electrical properties
- 87.15.Qt Sequence analysis
- 87.15.R- Reactions and kinetics
- 87.15.Rn Reactions and kinetics; polymerization
- 87.15.Tt Electrophoresis
- 87.15.Vv Diffusion
- 87.15.Ya Fluctuations
- 87.15.Zg Phase transitions
- 87.15.ad Analytical theories
- 87.15.ag Quantum calculations
- 87.15.ak Monte Carlo simulations
- 87.15.ap Molecular dynamics simulation
- 87.15.bd Secondary structure
- 87.15.bg Tertiary structure
- 87.15.bk Structure of aggregates
- 87.15.hg Dynamics of intermolecular interactions
- 87.15.hj Transport dynamics
- 87.15.hm Folding dynamics
- 87.15.hp Conformational changes
- 87.15.ht Ultrafast dynamics; charge transfer
- 87.15.kj Protein-polynucleotide interactions
- 87.15.km Protein-protein interactions
- 87.15.kp Protein-ligand interactions
- 87.15.kr Protein-solvent interactions
- 87.15.kt Protein-membrane interactions
- 87.15.mk Photodissociation
- 87.15.mn Photoionization
- 87.15.mq Luminescence
- 87.15.np Dissolution
- 87.15.nr Aggregation
- 87.15.nt Crystallization
- 87.15.rp Polymerization
- 87.15.rs Dissociation
- 87.16.-b Subcellular structure and processes
- 87.16.A- Theory, modeling, and simulations
- 87.16.Ac Theory and modeling; computer simulation
- 87.16.D- Membranes, bilayers, and vesicles
- 87.16.Dg Membranes, bilayers, and vesicles
- 87.16.Gj Cell walls
- 87.16.Ka Filaments, microtubules, their networks, and supramolecular assemblies
- 87.16.Ln Cytoskeleton
- 87.16.Mq Morphology of nerve cells
- 87.16.Nn Motor proteins (myosin, kinesin dynein)
- 87.16.Qp Pseudopods, lamellipods, cilia, and flagella
- 87.16.Sr Chromosomes, histones
- 87.16.Tb Mitochondria and other organelles
- 87.16.Uv Active transport processes
- 87.16.Vy Ion channels
- 87.16.Wd Intracellular trafficking
- 87.16.Xa Signal transduction and intracellular signaling
- 87.16.Yc Regulatory genetic and chemical networks
- 87.16.Zg Nuclear morphology
- 87.16.ad Analytical theories
- 87.16.af Monte Carlo calculations
- 87.16.aj Lattice models
- 87.16.dj Dynamics and fluctuations
- 87.16.dm Mechanical properties and rheology
- 87.16.dp Transport, including channels, pores, and lateral diffusion
- 87.16.dr Assembly and interactions
- 87.16.dt Structure, static correlations, domains, and rafts
- 87.17.-d Cell processes
- 87.17.Aa Modeling, computer simulation of cell processes
- 87.17.Ee Growth and division
- 87.17.Jj Cell locomotion, chemotaxis
- 87.17.Nn Morphology of nerve cells
- 87.17.Pq Morphogenesis
- 87.17.Rt Cell adhesion and cell mechanics
- 87.17.Uv Biotechnology of cell processes
- 87.18.-h Biological complexity
- 87.18.Bb Computer simulation
- 87.18.Cf Genetic switches and networks
- 87.18.Ed Cell aggregation
- 87.18.Fx Multicellular phenomena, biofilms
- 87.18.Gh Cell-cell communication; collective behavior of motile cells
- 87.18.Hf Spatiotemporal pattern formation in cellular populations
- 87.18.La Morphogenesis
- 87.18.Mp Signal transduction networks
- 87.18.Nq Large-scale biological processes and integrative biophysics
- 87.18.Pj Chemical waves
- 87.18.Sn Neural networks and synaptic communication
- 87.18.Tt Noise in biological systems
- 87.18.Vf Systems biology
- 87.18.Wd Genomics
- 87.18.Xr Proteomics
- 87.18.Yt Circadian rhythms
- 87.19.-j Properties of higher organisms
- 87.19.Bb Sensory perceptions
- 87.19.Dd Information processing in vision and hearing
- 87.19.Ff Muscles
- 87.19.Hh Cardiac dynamics
- 87.19.Jj Circadian rhythms
- 87.19.L- Neuroscience
- 87.19.La Neuroscience
- 87.19.Nn Electrophysiology
- 87.19.Pp Biothermics and thermal processes in biology
- 87.19.R- Mechanical and electrical properties of tissues and organs
- 87.19.Rr Mechanical properties of tissues and organs
- 87.19.St Movement and locomotion
- 87.19.Tt Rheology of body fluids
- 87.19.U- Hemodynamics
- 87.19.Uv Haemodynamics, pneumodynamics
- 87.19.Wx Pneumodyamics, respiration
- 87.19.X- Diseases
- 87.19.Xx Diseases
- 87.19.lb Action potential propagation and axons
- 87.19.lc Noise in the nervous system
- 87.19.ld Electrodynamics in the nervous system
- 87.19.le EEG and MEG
- 87.19.lf MRI: anatomic, functional, spectral, diffusion
- 87.19.lg Synapses: chemical and electrical (gap junctions)
- 87.19.lh Optical imaging of neuronal activity
- 87.19.lj Neuronal network dynamics
- 87.19.lk Glia
- 87.19.ll Models of single neurons and networks
- 87.19.lm Synchronization in the nervous system
- 87.19.ln Oscillations and resonance
- 87.19.lo Information theory
- 87.19.lp Pattern formation: activity and anatomic
- 87.19.lq Neuronal wave propagation
- 87.19.lr Control theory and feedback
- 87.19.ls Encoding, decoding, and transformation
- 87.19.lt Sensory systems: visual, auditory, tactile, taste, and olfaction
- 87.19.lu Motor systems: Locomotion, flight, vocalization
- 87.19.lv Learning and memory
- 87.19.lw Plasticity
- 87.19.lx Development and growth
- 87.19.ly Energetics
- 87.19.rd Elastic properties
- 87.19.rf Dielectric properties
- 87.19.rh Fluid transport and rheology
- 87.19.rj Contraction
- 87.19.rm Structure
- 87.19.rp Impulse propagation
- 87.19.rs Movement
- 87.19.ru Locomotion
- 87.19.ug Heart and lung dynamics
- 87.19.uj Peripheral vascular dynamics
- 87.19.um Blood-brain barrier
- 87.19.xb Bacterial diseases
- 87.19.xd Viral diseases
- 87.19.xe Parasitic diseases
- 87.19.xg Fungal diseases
- 87.19.xh Prion diseases
- 87.19.xj Cancer
- 87.19.xk Genetic diseases
- 87.19.xm Epilepsy
- 87.19.xn Musculoskeletal diseases
- 87.19.xp Motor system disease (Parkinson’s, etc.)
- 87.19.xq Stroke
- 87.19.xr Degenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s, ALS, etc)
- 87.19.xt Developmental diseases
- 87.19.xu Gastrointestinal diseases
- 87.19.xv Endocrine diseases
- 87.19.xw Immune system diseases
- 87.23.-n Ecology and evolution
- 87.23.Cc Population dynamics and ecological pattern formation
- 87.23.Ge Dynamics of social systems
- 87.23.Kg Dynamics of evolution
- 87.50.-a Effects of electromagnetic and acoustic fields on biological systems
- 87.50.C- Static and low-frequency electric and magnetic fields effects
- 87.50.Gi Ionizing radiations (ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma-rays, ions, electrons, positrons, neutrons, and mesons, etc.)
- 87.50.Hj Optical radiation (near ultraviolet, visible, and infrared)
- 87.50.Jk Radio frequency and microwave radiation (power lines)
- 87.50.Kk Sound and ultrasound
- 87.50.Mn Magnetic fields
- 87.50.Rr Electric fields
- 87.50.S- Radiofrequency/microwave fields effects
- 87.50.U- Millimeter/terahertz fields effects
- 87.50.W- Optical/infrared radiation effects
- 87.50.Y- Biological effects of acoustic and ultrasonic energy
- 87.50.cf Biophysical mechanisms of interaction
- 87.50.ch Electrophoresis/dielectrophoresis and other mechanical effects
- 87.50.cj Electroporation/membrane effects
- 87.50.cm Dosimetry/exposure assessment
- 87.50.ct Therapeutic applications
- 87.50.sg Biophysical mechanisms of interaction
- 87.50.sj Dosimetry/exposure assessment
- 87.50.st Therapeutic applications
- 87.50.uj Biophysical mechanisms of interaction
- 87.50.up Dosimetry/exposure assessment
- 87.50.ux Therapeutic applications
- 87.50.wf Biophysical mechanisms of interaction
- 87.50.wj Dosimetry/exposure assessment
- 87.50.wp Therapeutic applications
- 87.50.yg Biophysical mechanisms of interaction
- 87.50.yk Dosimetry/exposure assessment
- 87.50.yt Therapeutic applications
- 87.52.-g Radiation monitoring, control, and safety
- 87.52.Df Low LET: therapeutic and diagnostic X-rays and electrons
- 87.52.Ga Low LET: associated neutron shielding and measurement
- 87.52.Ln High LET
- 87.52.Px Risk/benefit analysis
- 87.52.Tr Regulatory issues
- 87.53.-j Effects of ionizing radiation on biological systems
- 87.53.Ay Biophysical mechanisms of interaction
- 87.53.Bn Dosimetry/exposure assessment
- 87.53.Dq Photon dosimetry: measurements
- 87.53.Fs Electron and positron dosimetry: theory and algorithms
- 87.53.Hv Electron and positron dosimetry: measurements
- 87.53.Jw Therapeutic applications, including brachytherapy
- 87.53.Kn Conformal radiation treatment
- 87.53.Ly Stereotactic radiosurgery
- 87.53.Mr Beam intensity modification: wedges, compensators
- 87.53.Na Radioimmunotherapy
- 87.53.Oq Portal imaging in therapy
- 87.53.Pb Proton, neutron, and heavier particle dosimetry: theory and algorithms
- 87.53.Qc Proton, neutron, and heavier particle dosimetry: measurements
- 87.53.Rd Microdosimetry
- 87.53.St Record and verify systems and applications
- 87.53.Tf Treatment planning, optimization, tissue response factors, and dose-volume analysis
- 87.53.Uv Collimation
- 87.53.Vb Simulation
- 87.53.Wz Monte Carlo applications
- 87.53.Xd Quality assurance in radiotherapy
- 87.54.-n Non-ionizing radiation therapy physics
- 87.54.Br Thermotherapy (hyperthermia and cryogenic therapy)
- 87.54.Dt Electrotherapy
- 87.54.Fj Photodynamic therapy
- 87.54.Hk Sound and ultrasound therapy/lithotripsy
- 87.55.-x Treatment strategy
- 87.55.D- Treatment planning
- 87.55.Gh Simulation
- 87.55.K- Monte Carlo methods
- 87.55.N- Radiation monitoring, control, and safety
- 87.55.Qr Quality assurance in radiotherapy
- 87.55.T- Record and verify systems and applications
- 87.55.de Optimization
- 87.55.dh Tissue response
- 87.55.dk Dose-volume analysis
- 87.55.kd Algorithms
- 87.55.kh Applications
- 87.55.km Verification
- 87.55.ne Therapeutic applications
- 87.55.tg Design
- 87.55.tm Applications
- 87.56.-v Radiation therapy equipment
- 87.56.B- Radiation sources
- 87.56.By Radiation generators
- 87.56.Da Ancillary equipment
- 87.56.Fc Quality assurance equipment
- 87.56.J- Collimation
- 87.56.N- Beam intensity modifications
- 87.56.bd Accelerators
- 87.56.bg Radioactive sources
- 87.56.jf Field size
- 87.56.jk Field shaping
- 87.56.ng Wedges and compensators
- 87.56.nk Collimators
- 87.57.-s Medical imaging
- 87.57.C- Image quality
- 87.57.Ce Image quality: contrast, resolution, noise, etc.
- 87.57.Gg Image reconstruction and registration
- 87.57.N- Image analysis
- 87.57.Nk Image analysis
- 87.57.Q- Computed tomography
- 87.57.R- Computer-aided diagnosis
- 87.57.Ra Computer-aided diagnosis
- 87.57.U- Nuclear medicine imaging
- 87.57.Va Neutron imaging; neutron tomography
- 87.57.cf Spatial resolution
- 87.57.cj Contrast
- 87.57.cm Noise
- 87.57.cp Artifacts and distortion
- 87.57.nf Reconstruction
- 87.57.nj Registration
- 87.57.nm Segmentation
- 87.57.np Smoothing
- 87.57.nt Edge enhancement
- 87.57.qh Single-slice
- 87.57.qp Multislice
- 87.57.rh Mammography
- 87.57.ue Conventional nuclear medicine imaging
- 87.57.uh Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
- 87.57.uk Positron emission tomography (PET)
- 87.57.un Radiopharmaceuticals
- 87.57.uq Dosimetry
- 87.58.-b Nuclear medicine imaging, dosimetry, labeling, metabolic studies
- 87.58.Ce Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
- 87.58.Fg Positron emission tomography (PET)
- 87.58.Ji Radiopharmaceuticals
- 87.58.Mj Digital imaging
- 87.58.Pm Scintillation cameras
- 87.58.Sp Dosimetry
- 87.58.Vr Quantitative measurements and scanning
- 87.58.Xs Bone densitometry
- 87.59.-e X-ray imaging
- 87.59.B- Radiography
- 87.59.Bh X-ray radiography
- 87.59.C- Fluoroscopy
- 87.59.Ci Fluoroscopy
- 87.59.Dj Angiography
- 87.59.E- Mammography
- 87.59.Ek Mammography
- 87.59.Fm Computed tomography (CT)
- 87.59.Hp Digital radiography
- 87.59.Jq Transmission imaging
- 87.59.Ls Bone densitometry
- 87.59.bd Computed radiography
- 87.59.bf Digital radiography
- 87.59.cf Digital fluoroscopy
- 87.59.eg Film mammography
- 87.59.ej Digital mammography
- 87.61.-c Magnetic resonance imaging
- 87.61.Bj Theory and principles
- 87.61.Cd Pulse sequences for imaging
- 87.61.Ff Instrumentation
- 87.61.Hk Pulse sequences
- 87.61.Jc Anatomic imaging
- 87.61.Lh Angiography and macroscopic flow estimation
- 87.61.Np Flow imaging
- 87.61.Pk Clinical imaging studies
- 87.61.Qr Functional imaging
- 87.61.Tg Clinical applications
- 87.62.+n Medical imaging equipment
- 87.63.-d Non-ionizing radiation equipment and techniques
- 87.63.D- Ultrasonography
- 87.63.Df Ultrasonography
- 87.63.Hg Thermography
- 87.63.L- Visual imaging
- 87.63.Lk Visible radiation: diaphanography, transillumination, laser imaging
- 87.63.Pn Electrical impedance tomography (EIT)
- 87.63.St Bone densitometry
- 87.63.dh Ultrasonographic imaging
- 87.63.dk Doppler
- 87.63.lg Principles of visualization
- 87.63.lj Image perception
- 87.63.lm Image enhancement
- 87.63.lp Transillumination
- 87.63.lt Laser imaging
- 87.64.-t Spectroscopic and microscopic techniques in biophysics and medical physics
- 87.64.Aa Computer simulation
- 87.64.Bx Electron, neutron and x-ray diffraction and scattering
- 87.64.Cc Scattering of visible, uv, and infrared radiation
- 87.64.Dz Scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy
- 87.64.Ee Electron microscopy
- 87.64.Fb EXAFS spectroscopy
- 87.64.Gb X-ray spectroscopy
- 87.64.Hd EPR and NMR spectroscopy
- 87.64.Je Infrared and Raman spectroscopy
- 87.64.K- Spectroscopy
- 87.64.Lg Electron and photoelectron spectroscopy
- 87.64.M- Optical microscopy
- 87.64.Ni Optical absorption, magnetic circular dichroism, and fluorescence spectroscopy
- 87.64.Pj Mossbauer spectroscopy
- 87.64.Rr Light microscopy: bright-field, dark-field, phase contrast, DIC
- 87.64.Tt Confocal microscopy
- 87.64.Vv Multiphoton microscopy
- 87.64.Xx Near-field scanning optical microscopy
- 87.64.kd X-ray and EXAFS
- 87.64.kh EPR
- 87.64.kj NMR
- 87.64.km Infrared
- 87.64.kp Raman
- 87.64.ks Electron and photoelectron
- 87.64.ku Magnetic circular dichroism
- 87.64.kv Fluorescence
- 87.64.kx Mössbauer
- 87.64.mc Bright field
- 87.64.mf Dark field
- 87.64.mh Phase contrast and DIC
- 87.64.mk Confocal
- 87.64.mn Multiphoton
- 87.64.mt Near-field scanning
- 87.65.+y Aerospace bio- and medical physics (effects of accelerations, weightlessness, and space environment)
- 87.66.-a Radiation measurement
- 87.66.Cd Films: silver bromide based, radiochromic, etc.
- 87.66.Ff Chemical dosimetry
- 87.66.Jj Ionization dosimetry
- 87.66.Na Calorimetric dosimetry
- 87.66.Pm Solid state detectors
- 87.66.Sq Thermoluminescence, bioluminescence, etc.
- 87.66.Uv Magnetic resonance
- 87.66.Xa Phantoms
- 87.68.+z Biomaterials and biological interfaces
- 87.80.-y Biophysical techniques (research methods)
- 87.80.Cc Optical trapping
- 87.80.Dj Spectroscopies
- 87.80.Ek Mechanical and micromechanical techniques
- 87.80.Fe Micromanipulation of biological structures
- 87.80.Jg Patch clamping and other physiological measurements
- 87.80.Kc Electrochemical techniques
- 87.80.Lg Magnetic and paramagnetic resonance
- 87.80.Mj Micromachining
- 87.80.Nj Single-molecule techniques
- 87.80.Pa Morphometry and stereology
- 87.80.Qk Biochemical separation processes
- 87.80.Rb Tissue and cellular engineering and biotechnology
- 87.80.St Genomic techniques
- 87.80.Tq Biological signal processing and instrumentation
- 87.80.Un Proteomic techniques
- 87.80.Vt Dynamical, regulatory, and integrative biology
- 87.80.Xa Neural engineering
- 87.83.+a Biomedical applications of nanotechnology
- 87.85.-d Biomedical engineering
- 87.85.D- Applied neuroscience
- 87.85.E- Neural prosthetics
- 87.85.F- Smart prosthetics
- 87.85.G- Biomechanics
- 87.85.J- Biomaterials
- 87.85.Lf Tissue engineering
- 87.85.M- Biotechnology
- 87.85.Ng Biological signal processing
- 87.85.Ox Biomedical instrumentation and transducers, including micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)
- 87.85.Pq Biomedical imaging
- 87.85.Qr Nanotechnologies-design
- 87.85.Rs Nanotechnologies-applications
- 87.85.St Robotics
- 87.85.Tu Modeling biomedical systems
- 87.85.Uv Micromanipulators
- 87.85.Va Micromachining
- 87.85.Wc Neural engineering
- 87.85.Xd Dynamical, regulatory, and integrative biology
- 87.85.dd Brain-machine interfaces
- 87.85.dh Cells on a chip
- 87.85.dm Physical models of neurophysiological processes
- 87.85.dq Neural networks
- 87.85.eg Electrode stimulation
- 87.85.ej Safe limits of charge injection
- 87.85.em Tissue damage
- 87.85.ff Feedback
- 87.85.fh Feedforward
- 87.85.fk Biosensors
- 87.85.fp Bidirectional communication
- 87.85.gf Fluid mechanics and rheology
- 87.85.gj Movement and locomotion
- 87.85.gp Mechanical systems
- 87.85.jc Electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of biological matter
- 87.85.jf Bio-based materials
- 87.85.jj Biocompatibility
- 87.85.md Genetic engineering
- 87.85.mg Genomics
- 87.85.mk Proteomics
- 87.90.+y Other topics in biological and medical physics
- 88.05.-b Energy analysis
- 88.05.Bc Energy efficiency; definitions and standards
- 88.05.De Thermodynamic constraints on energy production
- 88.05.Ec Renewable energy targets
- 88.05.Gh Energy conservation; electricity demand reduction
- 88.05.Hj Energy content issues; life cycle analysis
- 88.05.Jk Policy issues; resource assessment
- 88.05.Lg Economic issues; sustainability; cost trends
- 88.05.Np Environmental aspects
- 88.05.Pq Emissions trading and CDM
- 88.05.Qr Energy use in agriculture
- 88.05.Rt Energy use in appliances and electronic equipment
- 88.05.Sv Energy use in heating and cooling of residential and commercial buildings
- 88.05.Tg Energy use in lighting
- 88.05.Vx Energy use in industry and manufacturing
- 88.05.Xj Energy use in transportation
- 88.10.-g Geothermal energy
- 88.10.C- Ground heat
- 88.10.Eb Hot dry rock (igneous systems)
- 88.10.F- Hydrothermal reservoirs
- 88.10.G- Reservoir engineering (enhanced geothermal systems)
- 88.10.H- Geothermal electricity production
- 88.10.J- Brines and their dissolved matter
- 88.10.cd Geothermal heat pumps
- 88.10.cf Global geothermal flux
- 88.10.ch Continental geothermal energy
- 88.10.cj Oceanic geothermal energy
- 88.10.cn Heating and cooling of buildings; space heating
- 88.10.fb Hot springs
- 88.10.fe Hot water from wells
- 88.10.fh Down hole pumps
- 88.10.gc Simulation; prediction models
- 88.10.gf Imaging fluid flow
- 88.10.gk High-temperature logging tools and sensors
- 88.10.gn Fracture characterization of rocks
- 88.10.gp Site characterization; zonal isolation
- 88.10.hd Dry steam plants
- 88.10.hf Flash steam plants
- 88.10.hh Binary-cycle steam plants
- 88.10.jj Mineral extraction
- 88.10.jn Metals extraction
- 88.10.jp Combined minerals and metals extraction
- 88.20.-j Biomass energy
- 88.20.D- Biomass energy sources
- 88.20.F- Renewable alternative fuels from biomass energy
- 88.20.G- Methane production
- 88.20.H- Biomass processing routes
- 88.20.J- Biomass conversion methods
- 88.20.M- Biopower systems
- 88.20.R- Bioproducts from biomass
- 88.20.T- Markets for renewable alternative fuels
- 88.20.Y- Social issues
- 88.20.dd Wood
- 88.20.df Food crops
- 88.20.dh Grassy and woody plants
- 88.20.dj Agriculture/forestry residues
- 88.20.dm Aquatic/marine sources
- 88.20.dp Cellolusic materials
- 88.20.dr Food wastes
- 88.20.dt Municipal and industrial wastes
- 88.20.dv Methane from landfills
- 88.20.ff Ethanol
- 88.20.fg Methanol
- 88.20.fh Butanol
- 88.20.fj Mixed alcohols
- 88.20.fk Biodiesel
- 88.20.fn Hydrogen
- 88.20.fq Methane
- 88.20.fr Solid pelletized fuel
- 88.20.fs Syngas
- 88.20.ft Vegetable oils
- 88.20.fv Bioethers
- 88.20.fw Bioaviation fuel
- 88.20.gc Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) liquids (hydrocarbons)
- 88.20.gf Decaying organic matter
- 88.20.gh Anaerobic digestion
- 88.20.hh Biochemical route
- 88.20.hj Thermochemical route
- 88.20.jj Combustion
- 88.20.jm Hydrolysis and fermentation
- 88.20.jp Extraction and esterification
- 88.20.jr Alternate photosynthetic pathways
- 88.20.mn Direct-firing systems
- 88.20.mp Cofiring systems
- 88.20.mr Gasification systems; syngas
- 88.20.mt Pyrolysis to liquids
- 88.20.mv Paper mills
- 88.20.rb Plastics
- 88.20.rg Glues
- 88.20.rm Acids
- 88.20.rp Wood adhesives
- 88.20.rr Foam insulation
- 88.20.td Heat
- 88.20.tf Combined heat and power
- 88.20.th Transportation fuels
- 88.20.tk Chemicals
- 88.20.yq Food versus fuel debate
- 88.30.-k Hydrogen and fuel cell technology
- 88.30.E- Hydrogen production with renewable energy
- 88.30.G- Fuel cell systems
- 88.30.J- Fuel cell components
- 88.30.M- Fuel cell component materials
- 88.30.Nn Corrosion protection
- 88.30.P- Types of fuel cells
- 88.30.R- Hydrogen storage
- 88.30.ej Thermochemical hydrogen
- 88.30.em Electrolytic hydrogen
- 88.30.ep Electrochemical photolytic hydrogen
- 88.30.er Biological photolytic hydrogen
- 88.30.et Reforming biomass and wastes
- 88.30.ew Water-gas-shift (WGS) reaction
- 88.30.gg Design and simulation
- 88.30.jn Fuel cell stack
- 88.30.jp Fuel processor
- 88.30.jr Current converter
- 88.30.jt Heat recovery system
- 88.30.mg Inorganic proton conductors
- 88.30.mj Composite materials
- 88.30.pd Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEM)
- 88.30.pf Direct methanol fuel cells
- 88.30.ph Alkaline fuel cells
- 88.30.pj Phosphoric acid fuel cells
- 88.30.pm Molten carbonate fuel cells
- 88.30.pn Solid oxide fuel cells
- 88.30.pp Regenerative fuel cells
- 88.30.rd Inorganic metal hydrides
- 88.30.rf Organics
- 88.30.rh Carbon nanotubes
- 88.30.rj Hydrocarbons and alcohols liquid systems
- 88.40.-j Solar energy
- 88.40.F- Solar concentrators
- 88.40.H- Solar cells (photovoltaics)
- 88.40.J- Types of solar cells
- 88.40.M- Residential and commercial buildings
- 88.40.fc Modeling and analysis
- 88.40.ff Performance testing
- 88.40.fh Advanced materials development
- 88.40.fj Parabolic-trough mirrors
- 88.40.fm Dish/engine systems
- 88.40.fp Power tower systems
- 88.40.fr Concentrating collectors
- 88.40.hj Efficiency and performance of solar cells
- 88.40.hm Cost of production of solar cells
- 88.40.jj Silicon solar cells
- 88.40.jm Thin film III-V and II-VI based solar cells
- 88.40.jn Thin film Cu-based I-III-VI2 solar cells
- 88.40.jp Multijunction solar cells
- 88.40.jr Organic photovoltaics
- 88.40.me Solar heating and cooling systems
- 88.40.mg Active space/water heating
- 88.40.mj Passive space/water heating
- 88.40.mm Pool heating systems
- 88.40.mp Grid-tied solar electric systems
- 88.40.mr Building-integrated photovoltaics
- 88.40.mt Roof top shingles
- 88.40.mv Building facades
- 88.40.mx Day lighting/natural lighting of buildings
- 88.40.my Outdoor solar lights
- 88.50.-k Wind energy
- 88.50.G- Wind turbines
- 88.50.J- Wind farms
- 88.50.Mp Electricity generation, grid integration from wind
- 88.50.Xy Social issues regarding wind energy
- 88.50.gg Research and development
- 88.50.gj Modeling, design
- 88.50.gm Components
- 88.50.gp Testing
- 88.50.jj Small-scale wind farms
- 88.50.jn Large-scale wind farms
- 88.50.jp Off-shore wind farms
- 88.60.-m Hydroelectric power
- 88.60.J- Conventional hydropower
- 88.60.K- Hydroturbines
- 88.60.N- Emerging hydropower technologies
- 88.60.jb Impoundment facilities, dams
- 88.60.je Diversion facilities
- 88.60.jg Pumped storage facilities
- 88.60.kc Cross-flow turbines
- 88.60.kf Francis hydropower turbines
- 88.60.kj Free-flow turbines
- 88.60.km Impulse turbines
- 88.60.kp Pelton hydropower turbines
- 88.60.kr Propeller turbines
- 88.60.kt Reaction turbines
- 88.60.nf Energy from ocean waves
- 88.60.nh Tidal energy
- 88.60.nj Marine thermal gradients
- 88.60.nm Energy from ocean currents
- 88.60.np Natural water flow in rivers
- 88.60.nr Ocean thermal energy
- 88.80.-q Energy delivery and storage
- 88.80.Cd Grid-connected distributed energy resources
- 88.80.F- Energy storage technologies
- 88.80.H- Electric power transmission
- 88.80.Kg Energy delivery infrastructure
- 88.80.ff Batteries
- 88.80.fh Supercapacitors
- 88.80.fj Superconducting magnetic energy storage
- 88.80.hh Transmission grids
- 88.80.hj High-voltage direct current transmission
- 88.80.hm ac power transmission
- 88.80.hp Radio-frequency power transmission
- 88.80.hr Superconducting cables
- 88.80.ht Wireless power transmission
- 88.85.-r Advanced vehicles
- 88.85.Cd Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs)
- 88.85.Fg Plug-in hybrid vehicles (HEVs)
- 88.85.Hj Electric vehicles (EVs)
- 88.85.J- Vehicle energy storage
- 88.85.M- Alternative fuels for advanced vehicles
- 88.85.Pq Fueling stations for advanced vehicles
- 88.85.jk Lead-acid batteries
- 88.85.jm Nickel-metal hydride batteries
- 88.85.jp Ultracapacitors
- 88.85.mb Biodiesel
- 88.85.md Propane
- 88.85.mf Natural gas
- 88.85.mh Hydrogen
- 88.85.mj Ethanol
- 88.85.mn Fuel blends
- 88.90.+t Other topics in renewable energy and applications
- 89.20.-a Interdisciplinary applications of physics
- 89.20.Bb Industrial and technological research and development
- 89.20.Dd Military technology and weapons systems; arms control
- 89.20.Ff Computer science and technology
- 89.20.Hh World Wide Web, Internet
- 89.20.Kk Engineering
- 89.20.Mn Forensic science
- 89.30.-g Fossil fuels and nuclear power
- 89.30.A- Fossil fuels
- 89.30.Aa Fossil fuels
- 89.30.Cc Solar power
- 89.30.Ee Hydroelectric, hydrothermal, geothermal and wind power
- 89.30.Gg Nuclear fission power
- 89.30.Jj Nuclear fusion power
- 89.30.ag Coal
- 89.30.aj Oil, petroleum
- 89.30.an Natural gas
- 89.40.-a Transportation
- 89.40.Bb Land transportation
- 89.40.Cc Water transportation
- 89.40.Dd Air transporation
- 89.60.-k Environmental studies
- 89.60.Ec Environmental safety
- 89.60.Fe Environmental regulations
- 89.60.Gg Impact of natural and man-made disasters
- 89.65.-s Social and economic systems
- 89.65.Cd Demographic studies
- 89.65.Ef Social organizations; anthropology
- 89.65.Gh Economics; econophysics, financial markets, business and management
- 89.65.Lm Urban planning and construction
- 89.70.+c Information theory and communication theory
- 89.70.-a Information and communication theory
- 89.70.Cf Entropy and other measures of information
- 89.70.Eg Computational complexity
- 89.70.Hj Communication complexity
- 89.70.Kn Channel capacity and error-correcting codes
- 89.75.-k Complex systems
- 89.75.Da Systems obeying scaling laws
- 89.75.Fb Structures and organization in complex systems
- 89.75.Hc Networks and genealogical trees
- 89.75.Kd Patterns
- 89.90.+n Other topics in areas of applied and interdisciplinary physics
- 91.10.-v Geodesy and gravity
- 91.10.By Mathematical geodesy; general theory
- 91.10.Da Cartography
- 91.10.Fc Space and satellite geodesy; applications of global positioning systems
- 91.10.Jf Topography; geometric observations
- 91.10.Kg Crustal movements and deformation
- 91.10.Lh Photogrammetry
- 91.10.Nj Rotational variations; polar wobble
- 91.10.Op Gravity anomalies; time variable gravity
- 91.10.P- Geodetic techniques; gravimetric measurements and instruments
- 91.10.Pp Geodetic techniques; gravimetric measurements and instruments
- 91.10.Qm Harmonics of the gravity potential field; geopotential theory and determination
- 91.10.Rn Rheology of lithosphere and mantle
- 91.10.Sp Satellite orbits
- 91.10.Tq Earth tides
- 91.10.Vr Ocean/Earth/atmosphere/ hydrosphere/cryosphere interactions; mass balance
- 91.10.Ws Reference systems
- 91.10.Xa Global change from geodesy
- 91.10.pa Atmospheric monitoring with geodetic techniques
- 91.10.pc Ocean monitoring with geodetic techniques
- 91.25.-r Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism; geoelectricity
- 91.25.Cw Origins and models of the magnetic field; dynamo theories
- 91.25.Dx Archeomagnetism
- 91.25.Ey Interactions between exterior sources and interior properties
- 91.25.F- Rock and mineral magnetism
- 91.25.G- Spatial variations in geomagnetism
- 91.25.Ga Spatial variations: all harmonics and anomalies
- 91.25.Jc Spatial variations attributed to sea floor spreading
- 91.25.L- Time variations in geomagnetism
- 91.25.Le Time variations in geomagnetism
- 91.25.Mf Magnetic field reversals: process and timescale
- 91.25.N- Paleomagnetism
- 91.25.Ng Paleomagnetism
- 91.25.Ph Magnetostratigraphy
- 91.25.Qi Geoelectricity, electromagnetic induction, and telluric currents
- 91.25.Rt Magnetic anomalies; modeling and interpretations
- 91.25.St Magnetic fabrics and anisotropy
- 91.25.Th Reference fields: regional; global
- 91.25.Ux Remagnetization
- 91.25.Wb Geomagnetic induction
- 91.25.Xg Geomagnetic excursion
- 91.25.Za Core processes
- 91.25.fa Biogenic magnetic minerals
- 91.25.fd Environmental magnetism
- 91.25.ga Harmonics and anomalies
- 91.25.gj Attributed to seafloor spreading
- 91.25.lc Rapid time variations
- 91.25.lf Diurnal to decadal
- 91.25.lj Secular and longer
- 91.25.nc Paleointensity
- 91.25.nf Applied to tectonics: regional; global
- 91.25.nj Applied to geologic processes
- 91.25.nn Paleomagnetic secular variation
- 91.30.-f Seismology
- 91.30.Ab Theory and modeling, computational seismology
- 91.30.Bi Seismic sources (mechanisms, magnitude, moment frequency spectrum)
- 91.30.Cd Body wave propagation
- 91.30.Dk Seismicity
- 91.30.Fn Surface waves and free oscillations
- 91.30.Ga Subduction zones
- 91.30.Hc Mid-ocean ridges
- 91.30.Iv Transform faults
- 91.30.Jk Tomography in seismology
- 91.30.Ks Free oscillations (periods less than 12 hours)
- 91.30.Mv Strong motions and shock waves
- 91.30.Nw Tsunamis
- 91.30.P- Earthquakes
- 91.30.Px Earthquakes
- 91.30.Rz Nuclear explosion seismology
- 91.30.Tb Volcano seismology
- 91.30.Uv Core and mantle seismology
- 91.30.Vc Continental crust seismology
- 91.30.Wx Lithosphere seismology
- 91.30.Ye Oceanic crust seismology
- 91.30.Za Paleoseismology
- 91.30.pa Dynamics and mechanics
- 91.30.pb Ground motions and engineering seismology
- 91.30.pc Magnitudes and parameters
- 91.30.pd Hazard assessment, forecasting, and prediction
- 91.32.-m Rheology of the Earth
- 91.32.Ac General aspects
- 91.32.De Crust and lithosphere
- 91.32.Gh Mantle
- 91.32.Jk Friction of fault zones
- 91.35.-x Earth’s interior structure and properties
- 91.35.Cb Models of interior structure
- 91.35.Dc Heat flow; geothermy
- 91.35.Ed Structure of the Earth’s interior below the upper mantle
- 91.35.Gf Structure of the crust and upper mantle
- 91.35.Lj Composition and state of the Earth’s interior
- 91.35.Nm Geochronology
- 91.35.Pn Tomography of the Earth’s interior
- 91.40.-k Volcanology
- 91.40.Ac Geochemical modeling
- 91.40.Bp Tephrochronology; ash deposits
- 91.40.Dr Atmospheric effects
- 91.40.Ft Eruption mechanisms
- 91.40.Ge Hydrothermal systems
- 91.40.Hw Lava rheology and morphology
- 91.40.Jk Magma migration
- 91.40.La Physics and chemistry of magma bodies
- 91.40.Pc Thermodynamics in volcanology
- 91.40.Qa Reactions and phase equilibria
- 91.40.Rs Subduction zone processes
- 91.40.St Mid-oceanic ridge processes
- 91.40.Ta Intra-plate processes
- 91.40.Uc Volcanoclastic deposits
- 91.40.Vg Volcanic gases
- 91.40.Wx Calderas
- 91.40.Yt Remote sensing of volcanoes
- 91.40.Zz Volcano monitoring; volcanic hazards and risks
- 91.45.-c Tectonophysics
- 91.45.Bg Planetary interiors
- 91.45.C- Continental tectonics
- 91.45.Cg Continental tectonics
- 91.45.D- Plate tectonics
- 91.45.Dh Plate tectonics
- 91.45.Ei Neotectonics
- 91.45.Fj Convection currents and mantle plumes
- 91.45.G- Dynamics and mechanics of tectonics
- 91.45.Ga Dynamics and mechanics of tectonics
- 91.45.Hc Subduction and obduction zone processes
- 91.45.Jg Hot spots, large igneous provinces, and flood basalt volcanism
- 91.45.Kn Core processes
- 91.45.Nc Evolution of the Earth
- 91.45.Pt Slow vertical crustal movements (including isostasy and postglacial phenomena)
- 91.45.Qv Tomography of plate tectonics
- 91.45.Rg Heat generation and transport
- 91.45.Sx Relations of gravity observations to tectonics and isostasy
- 91.45.Ty Folds and Folding
- 91.45.Vz Fractures and faults
- 91.45.Wa Volcanic arcs
- 91.45.X- Stresses in tectonophysics
- 91.45.Xz Stresses in tectonophysics
- 91.45.Yb Pluton emplacement
- 91.45.ca General aspects
- 91.45.cc Orogenic belts
- 91.45.cf Continental margins and continental cratons
- 91.45.ch Continental neotectonics
- 91.45.cj Extensional, tectonics (rift basins)
- 91.45.cn Strike-slip tectonics
- 91.45.dc Plate boundaries: general aspects
- 91.45.df Plate motions: general aspects
- 91.45.dg Plate motions: past
- 91.45.dk Plate motions: present and recent
- 91.45.gd Seismotectonics
- 91.45.gf Lithospheric dynamics; flexure
- 91.45.gh Gravity and tectonics
- 91.45.xa General aspects
- 91.45.xc Crust and lithosphere
- 91.45.xf Deep-seated stresses
- 91.50.-r Marine geology and geophysics
- 91.50.Ac Back-arc basin processes
- 91.50.Bd Continental shelf and slope processes
- 91.50.Cw Beach and coastal processes
- 91.50.Ey Seafloor morphology, geology, and geophysics
- 91.50.Ga Bathymetry, seafloor topology
- 91.50.Hc Gas and hydrate systems
- 91.50.Iv Marine magnetics and electromagnetics
- 91.50.Jc Marine sediments, turbidity currents—processes and transport
- 91.50.Kx Gravity and isostasy
- 91.50.Ln Heat flow (benthic)
- 91.50.Nc Littoral processes
- 91.50.Ps Marine hydrogeology
- 91.50.Qr Micropaleontology
- 91.50.Rt Mid-ocean ridge processes
- 91.50.Sn Ocean drilling
- 91.50.Tb Oceanic hotspots and intra-plate volcanism
- 91.50.Uv Oceanic plateaus and fracture zone processes
- 91.50.Vx Ophiolites
- 91.50.Wy Subduction zone processes
- 91.50.Xz Submarine landslides
- 91.50.Yf Submergence instruments, ROV, AUV, Submersibles, and ocean observatories
- 91.55.-y Structural geology
- 91.55.Ax Mechanics, theory and modeling
- 91.55.Bc Continental neotectonics
- 91.55.De Diapir and diapirism
- 91.55.Fg Dynamics and mechanics of faulting
- 91.55.Hj Folds and folding
- 91.55.Jk Fractures and faults
- 91.55.Ln Kinematics of crustal and mantle deformation
- 91.55.Mb High strain deformation zones
- 91.55.Nc Local crustal structure; regional crustal structure
- 91.55.Pq Melanges
- 91.55.Qr Mesoscopic fabrics
- 91.55.Sn Pluton emplacement
- 91.55.Tt Role of fluids
- 91.55.Uv Remote sensing in structural geology
- 91.60.-x Physical properties of rocks and minerals
- 91.60.Ba Elasticity, fracture, and flow
- 91.60.Dc Plasticity, diffusion, and creep
- 91.60.Ed Crystal structure and defects, microstructure
- 91.60.Fe Equations of state
- 91.60.Gf High-pressure behavior
- 91.60.Hg Phase changes
- 91.60.Ki Thermal properties
- 91.60.Lj Acoustic properties
- 91.60.Mk Optical properties
- 91.60.Np Permeability and porosity
- 91.60.Pn Magnetic and electrical properties
- 91.60.Qr Wave attenuation
- 91.60.Tn Transport properties
- 91.62.+g Biogeosciences
- 91.62.-g Biogeosciences
- 91.62.Bf Agricultural systems
- 91.62.De Anoxic and hypoxic environments
- 91.62.Fc Astrobiology and extraterrestrial materials
- 91.62.Gk Biodiversity
- 91.62.Jf Bioremediation
- 91.62.Kt Biogeochemical kinetics
- 91.62.La Carbon cycling, nitrogen cycling
- 91.62.Mn Ecosystems, structure and dynamics, plant ecology
- 91.62.Np Evolutionary geobiology
- 91.62.Pq Geomicrobiology
- 91.62.Qs Nutrients and nutrient cycling
- 91.62.Rt Land pollution, soil pollution
- 91.62.Ty Natural hazards
- 91.62.Uv Life in extreme environments
- 91.62.Xy Biosphere/atmosphere interactions
- 91.65.-n Mineralogy and petrology
- 91.65.An Mineral and crystal chemistry
- 91.65.Br Geochemical cycles
- 91.65.Cq Igneous petrology
- 91.65.Dt Isotopic composition
- 91.65.Ej Extrusive structures and rocks
- 91.65.Fw Low-temperature geochemistry
- 91.65.Gk Intrusive structures and rocks
- 91.65.Hy Organic geochemistry
- 91.65.Jn Layered magma chambers
- 91.65.Kf Metamorphic petrology
- 91.65.Lc Pressure-temperature-time paths
- 91.65.My Fluid flow
- 91.65.Nd Trace elements
- 91.65.Pj Ultra-high pressure metamorphism
- 91.65.Qr Ultra-high temperature metamorphism
- 91.65.Rg Mineral occurrences and deposits
- 91.65.Sn Meteorite mineralogy and petrology
- 91.65.Ti Sedimentary petrology
- 91.65.Vj Major element composition
- 91.67.-y Geochemistry
- 91.67.Bc Geochemical modeling
- 91.67.De Reactions and phase equilibria
- 91.67.F- Geochemical processes
- 91.67.Fx Geochemical processes
- 91.67.G- Chemical composition
- 91.67.Gy Chemical composition
- 91.67.Jk Geochemistry of hydrothermal systems
- 91.67.Nc Geochemical cycles
- 91.67.Pq Major and trace element geochemistry
- 91.67.Qr Radiogenic isotope geochemistry
- 91.67.Rx Stable isotope geochemistry
- 91.67.St Fluid and melt inclusion geochemistry
- 91.67.Ty Sedimentary geochemistry
- 91.67.Uv Organic and biogenic geochemistry
- 91.67.Vf Low-temperature geochemistry
- 91.67.fc Subduction zone
- 91.67.ff Mid-oceanic ridge
- 91.67.fh Intra-plate
- 91.67.fk Alteration and weathering
- 91.67.fm Mantle
- 91.67.gb Earth’s core
- 91.67.gd Continental crust
- 91.67.gf Oceanic crust
- 91.67.gh Hydrosphere
- 91.67.gj Biosphere
- 91.67.gl Mantle
- 91.67.gn Meteorites
- 91.67.gp Aerosols and particles
- 91.70.-c Information related to geologic time
- 91.70.B- Cenozoic
- 91.70.Bf Cenozoic
- 91.70.D- Mesozoic
- 91.70.Dh Mesozoic
- 91.70.F- Paleozoic
- 91.70.Fj Paleozoic
- 91.70.H- Precambrian
- 91.70.Hm Precambrian
- 91.70.bc Neogene
- 91.70.bg Paleogene
- 91.70.db Cretaceous
- 91.70.de Jurassic
- 91.70.dg Triassic
- 91.70.fb Permian
- 91.70.fd Carboniferous
- 91.70.ff Devonian
- 91.70.fh Silurian
- 91.70.fk Ordovician
- 91.70.fn Cambrian
- 91.70.hc Proterozoic
- 91.70.hf Archean
- 91.80.+d Geochronology
- 91.80.-d Geochronology
- 91.80.Cb Quarternary geochronology
- 91.80.Ef Sidereal geochronology
- 91.80.Hj Radioisotope geochronology, isotopic disequilibrium dating
- 91.80.Kc Chemical and biological geochronology
- 91.80.Mn Geomorphological geochronology
- 91.80.Pq Correlative geochronology
- 91.80.Rx Thermochronology
- 91.80.St Tephrochronology
- 91.80.Uv Cosmogenic-nuclide exposure dating
- 91.80.Vw Extinct radionuclide geochronology
- 91.80.Wx Sedimentary geochronology
- 91.90.+p Other topics in solid Earth physics
- 92.05.-x General aspects of oceanography
- 92.05.Bc Analytical modeling and laboratory experiments
- 92.05.Df Climate and inter-annual variability
- 92.05.Ek Long term variability; Heinrich events
- 92.05.Fg Diurnal, seasonal and annual cycles
- 92.05.Hj Physical and chemical properties of seawater (salinity, density, temperature)
- 92.05.Jn Ocean energy extraction
- 92.05.Lf Hydrothermal systems
- 92.10.-c Physical oceanography
- 92.10.A- Circulation and currents
- 92.10.Bf Physical properties of seawater
- 92.10.Cg Capillary waves
- 92.10.Dh Deep ocean processes
- 92.10.Ei Coriolis effects
- 92.10.Fj Upper ocean and mixed layer processes
- 92.10.Gk El Nino
- 92.10.H- Ocean waves and oscillations
- 92.10.Hm Ocean waves and oscillations
- 92.10.Iv Ocean influence of Earth’s rotation
- 92.10.Jn Seiches
- 92.10.Kp Sea-air energy exchange processes
- 92.10.Lq Turbulence, diffusion, and mixing processes in oceanography
- 92.10.Mr Thermohaline structure and circulation
- 92.10.Ns Fine structure and microstructure in oceanography
- 92.10.Oc Benthic boundary layers, ocean bottom processes
- 92.10.Pt Optical properties of sea water
- 92.10.Rw Sea ice (mechanics and air/sea/ice exchange processes)
- 92.10.Sx Coastal, estuarine, and near shore processes
- 92.10.Ty Fronts and jets
- 92.10.Ua Overflows
- 92.10.Vz Underwater sound
- 92.10.Wa Sediment transport
- 92.10.Xc Ocean fog
- 92.10.Yb Hydrography
- 92.10.Zf Upwelling and convergences
- 92.10.ab General circulation
- 92.10.ad Deep water formation and circulation
- 92.10.af Thermohaline convection
- 92.10.ah Ocean currents; Eastern boundary currents, Western boundary currents
- 92.10.ak Eddies and mesoscale processes
- 92.10.am El Nino Southern Oscillation
- 92.10.hb Surface waves and tides
- 92.10.hd Capillary waves
- 92.10.hf Planetary waves, Rossby waves
- 92.10.hh Kelvin waves
- 92.10.hj Internal and inertial waves
- 92.10.hk Seiches
- 92.10.hl Tsunamis
- 92.10.hp Sea level variations
- 92.20.-h Chemical and biological oceanography
- 92.20.Bk Aerosols
- 92.20.C- Chemistry of the ocean
- 92.20.Cm Chemistry of the ocean
- 92.20.Gr Ocean energy extraction
- 92.20.Hs Anoxic environments
- 92.20.Iv Benthic processes, sea-bottom processes
- 92.20.J- Biology of the ocean
- 92.20.Jt Biology of the ocean
- 92.20.Kv Photochemistry
- 92.20.Lw Photosynthesis
- 92.20.Mx Physicochemical properties
- 92.20.Ny Marine pollution
- 92.20.Ox Hypoxic environment
- 92.20.Pz Bacteria
- 92.20.Rb Plankton
- 92.20.Sg Biogeochemical cycles
- 92.20.Td Radioactivity and radioisotopes
- 92.20.Uv Gases in chemical oceanography
- 92.20.Vn Sedimentation
- 92.20.Wx Trace elements
- 92.20.Xy Carbon cycling
- 92.20.cb Chemical speciation and complexation, chemosynthesis
- 92.20.cd Chemical tracers
- 92.20.cf Marine organic chemistry
- 92.20.cg Marine inorganic chemistry
- 92.20.ch Photochemistry, photosynthesis
- 92.20.cj Oxidation and reduction reactions
- 92.20.cn Analytical chemistry
- 92.20.cp Natural products chemistry
- 92.20.jb Bacteria, microbiology and microbial ecology
- 92.20.jd Symbiosis
- 92.20.jf Phytoplankton
- 92.20.jh Zooplankton
- 92.20.jj Sorptive scavenging
- 92.20.jm Population dynamics and ecology
- 92.20.jp Ecosysystems, structure, dynamics and modeling
- 92.20.jq Foodwebs: structure and dynamics
- 92.20.ju Nutrients and nutrient cycling
- 92.30.+m Paleoceanography
- 92.30.-m Paleoceanography
- 92.30.Bc Abrupt climate change, stadial-interstadial transitions
- 92.30.De Anthropogenic effects
- 92.30.Ef Atmospheric transport and circulation, aerosols
- 92.30.Gh Biogeochemical cycles
- 92.30.Hj Corals
- 92.30.Iv Continental climate records
- 92.30.Jh Dendrochronology
- 92.30.La El Nino Southern Oscillation
- 92.30.Mc Glacial and interglacial oceanography, ice cores
- 92.30.Np Greenhouse gases
- 92.30.Pq Insolation forcing
- 92.30.Qr Micropaleontology
- 92.30.Rx Paleoecology
- 92.30.St Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum
- 92.30.Tq Sea surface temperature
- 92.30.Uv Thermohaline convection
- 92.30.Vn Upwelling
- 92.30.Wx Palynology, pollen, spores and other palynomorphs, living or fossil
- 92.30.Xy Speleothems, stalagmites, stalactites
- 92.40.-t Hydrology and glaciology; cryosphere
- 92.40.Aa Anthropogenic effects
- 92.40.Bc Chemistry of fresh water
- 92.40.Cy Modeling; general theory
- 92.40.De Drought
- 92.40.E- Precipitation
- 92.40.Ea Precipitation
- 92.40.Fb Rivers, runoff, and streamflow
- 92.40.Gc Erosion and sedimentation; sediment transport
- 92.40.Ha Debris flow and landslides
- 92.40.Iv Desertification
- 92.40.Je Evapotranspiration
- 92.40.K- Ground water
- 92.40.Kf Groundwater
- 92.40.Lg Soil moisture and temperature
- 92.40.Ni Limnology
- 92.40.Oj Eco-hydrology; plant ecology
- 92.40.P- Geomorphology
- 92.40.Pb Geomorphology
- 92.40.Q- Surface water, water resources
- 92.40.Qk Surface water, water resources
- 92.40.Rm Snow
- 92.40.Sn Ice
- 92.40.V- Glaciology
- 92.40.Vq Glaciology
- 92.40.We Hydrologic cycles and budgets
- 92.40.Xx Irrigation; dams
- 92.40.Yy Wetlands
- 92.40.Zg Hydrometeorology, hydroclimatology
- 92.40.ed Snow
- 92.40.eg Rain, hail
- 92.40.kc Ground water quality
- 92.40.ke Ground water transport
- 92.40.kh Aquifers
- 92.40.kj Groundwater/surface water interactions
- 92.40.km Groundwater hydrology
- 92.40.kp Groundwater hydraulics
- 92.40.pg Fluvial
- 92.40.pj Hillslope
- 92.40.qc Surface water quality
- 92.40.qf Water supply, reservoirs
- 92.40.qh Rivers
- 92.40.qj Lakes, limnology
- 92.40.qn Ponds
- 92.40.qp Floods, runoff, and stream flow
- 92.40.vk Glaciers
- 92.40.vr Icebergs
- 92.40.vs Permafrost, frozen ground
- 92.40.vt Tundra
- 92.40.vu Cryobiology
- 92.40.vv Ice cores, ice sheets, ice shelves
- 92.40.vw Snow melt, avalanches
- 92.40.vx Sea ice
- 92.60.-e Properties and dynamics of the atmosphere; meteorology
- 92.60.Aa Modeling and model calibration
- 92.60.Bh General circulation
- 92.60.Cc Ocean/atmosphere interactions, air/sea constituent fluxes
- 92.60.Dj Gravity waves, tides, and compressional waves
- 92.60.Ek Convection, turbulence, and diffusion
- 92.60.Fm Boundary layer structure and processes
- 92.60.Gn Winds and their effects
- 92.60.H- Atmospheric composition, structure, and properties
- 92.60.Hp Chemical composition and chemical interactions
- 92.60.Iv Paleoclimatology
- 92.60.J- Water in the atmosphere
- 92.60.Jq Water in the atmosphere
- 92.60.Kc Land/atmosphere interactions
- 92.60.Ls Ion chemistry of the atmosphere
- 92.60.Mt Particles and aerosols
- 92.60.N- Cloud physics and chemistry
- 92.60.Nv Cloud physics and chemistry
- 92.60.Ox Tropical meteorology
- 92.60.Pw Atmospheric electricity, lightning
- 92.60.Qx Storms
- 92.60.Ry Climatology, climate change and variability
- 92.60.Sz Air quality and air pollution
- 92.60.Ta Electromagnetic wave propagation
- 92.60.Uy Polar meteorology
- 92.60.Vb Radiative processes, solar radiation
- 92.60.Wc Weather analysis and prediction
- 92.60.Xg Stratosphere/troposphere interactions
- 92.60.Zc Volcanic effects
- 92.60.ha Exospheric composition and chemistry
- 92.60.hb Thermospheric composition and chemistry, energy deposition
- 92.60.hc Mesospheric composition, energy deposition, constituent transport and chemistry
- 92.60.hd Stratospheric composition and chemistry
- 92.60.hf Tropospheric composition and chemistry, constituent transport and chemistry
- 92.60.hg Constituent sources and sinks
- 92.60.hh Acoustic gravity waves, tides, and compressional waves
- 92.60.hk Convection, turbulence, and diffusion
- 92.60.hn Geochemical cycles
- 92.60.hv Pressure, density, and temperature
- 92.60.hw Airglow and aurorae
- 92.60.hx Other upper atmospheric phenomena: red sprites; blue jets; atmospheric gamma ray and intense VHF emissions
- 92.60.jc Evaporation
- 92.60.jf Precipitation
- 92.60.jk Humidity
- 92.60.nc Cloud optics
- 92.60.nf Cloud/radiation interaction
- 92.70.-j Global change
- 92.70.Aa Abrupt/rapid climate change
- 92.70.Bc Land/atmosphere interactions
- 92.70.Cp Atmosphere
- 92.70.Er Biogeochemical processes
- 92.70.Gt Climate dynamics
- 92.70.Ha Cryospheric change
- 92.70.Iv Geomorphology and weathering
- 92.70.Jw Oceans, sea level change
- 92.70.Kb Regional climate change
- 92.70.Ly Water cycles
- 92.70.Mn Impacts of global change; global warming
- 92.70.Np Global climate modeling
- 92.70.Pq Earth system modeling
- 92.70.Qr Solar variability impact
- 92.70.St Land cover change
- 92.90.+x Other topics in hydrospheric and atmospheric geophysics
- 93.30.-w Information related to geographical regions
- 93.30.Bz Africa
- 93.30.Ca Antarctica
- 93.30.Db Asia
- 93.30.Fd Australia
- 93.30.Ge Europe
- 93.30.Hf North America
- 93.30.Jg South America
- 93.30.Kh Large islands (e.g., Greenland)
- 93.30.Li Arctic Ocean
- 93.30.Mj Atlantic Ocean
- 93.30.Nk Indian Ocean
- 93.30.Pm Pacific Ocean
- 93.30.Qn Southern Ocean
- 93.30.Rp Regional seas
- 93.30.Sq Polar regions
- 93.30.Tr Temperate regions
- 93.30.Vs Tropical regions
- 93.55.+z International organizations, national and international programs
- 93.65.+e Data acquisition and storage
- 93.85.+q Instrumentation and techniques for geophysical research
- 93.85.-q Instruments and techniques for geophysical research: Exploration geophysics
- 93.85.Bc Computational methods and data processing, data acquisition and storage
- 93.85.De Exploration of continental structures
- 93.85.Fg Downhole methods
- 93.85.Hj Gravity methods
- 93.85.Jk Magnetic and electrical methods
- 93.85.Ly Exploration of oceanic structures
- 93.85.Np Radioactivity methods
- 93.85.Pq Remote sensing in exploration geophysics
- 93.85.Rt Seismic methods
- 93.85.Tf Oil prospecting, pipelines, and conduits
- 93.90.+y Other topics in geophysical observations, instrumentation, and techniques
- 94.05.-a Space plasma physics
- 94.05.Bf Plasma interactions with dust and aerosols
- 94.05.Dd Radiation processes
- 94.05.Fg Solitons and solitary waves
- 94.05.Hk Spacecraft/atmosphere interactions
- 94.05.Jq Spacecraft sheaths, wakes, and charging
- 94.05.Lk Turbulence
- 94.05.Pt Wave/wave, wave/particle interactions
- 94.05.Rx Experimental techniques and laboratory studies
- 94.05.S- Space weather
- 94.05.Sd Space weather
- 94.05.sj Space radiation environment
- 94.05.sk Impacts on humans
- 94.05.sp Solar effects
- 94.05.sq Engineering for hazard mitigation
- 94.05.st Satellite drag
- 94.05.sx Forecasting
- 94.05.sy Impacts on technological systems
- 94.10.-s Physics of the neutral atmosphere
- 94.10.Bw General properties of the high atmosphere
- 94.10.Dy Atmospheric structure, pressure, density, and temperature
- 94.10.Fa Atmospheric composition
- 94.10.Gb Absorption and scattering of radiation
- 94.10.Jd Tides, waves, and winds
- 94.10.Lf Convection, diffusion, mixing, turbulence, and fallout
- 94.10.Nh Cosmic dust
- 94.10.Rk Aurora and airglow
- 94.20.-y Physics of the ionosphere
- 94.20.Ac Auroral ionosphere
- 94.20.Bb Wave propagation
- 94.20.Cf Ionospheric modeling and forecasting
- 94.20.D- Ionospheric structure, composition
- 94.20.Dd Ionospheric structure (D, E, F, and topside regions) including steady-state ion densities and temperatures
- 94.20.Ee D region
- 94.20.Fg Plasma temperature and density
- 94.20.Gg E region
- 94.20.Ji F region
- 94.20.Kj Polar cap ionosphere
- 94.20.Lk Topside region
- 94.20.Mm Plasmasphere
- 94.20.Pp Plasmapause
- 94.20.Qq Particle precipitation
- 94.20.Rr Interactions between waves and particles
- 94.20.Ss Electric fields; current system
- 94.20.Tt Ionospheric soundings; active experiments
- 94.20.Vv Ionospheric disturbances, irregularities, and storms
- 94.20.W- Ionospheric dynamics and interactions
- 94.20.Ww Plasma motion, convection, or circulation
- 94.20.Xa Meteor-trail physics
- 94.20.Yx Interaction between ionosphere and magnetosphere
- 94.20.de D region
- 94.20.dg E region
- 94.20.dj F region
- 94.20.dk Polar cap ionosphere
- 94.20.dl Topside region
- 94.20.dm Mid-latitude ionosphere
- 94.20.dt Equatorial ionosphere
- 94.20.dv Ion chemistry and composition; ionization mechanisms
- 94.20.wc Plasma motion; plasma convection; particle acceleration
- 94.20.wf Plasma waves and instabilities
- 94.20.wg Ionosphere/atmospheric interactions
- 94.20.wh Ionosphere/magnetosphere interactions
- 94.20.wj Wave/particle interactions
- 94.20.wl Plasma interactions with dust and aerosols
- 94.20.wq Solar radiation and cosmic ray effects
- 94.20.ws Electromagnetic wave propagation
- 94.30.-d Physics of the magnetosphere
- 94.30.Aa Auroral phenomena in magnetosphere
- 94.30.Bg Magnetospheric modeling and forecasting
- 94.30.C- Magnetospheric configuration and dynamics
- 94.30.Ch Magnetospheric configuration
- 94.30.Di Magnetopause
- 94.30.Ej Magnetic tail
- 94.30.Fk Plasma motion, convection, or circulation
- 94.30.Gm Plasma instabilities
- 94.30.Hn Energetic trapped particles
- 94.30.Jp Ring currents
- 94.30.Kq Electric fields, field-aligned currents and current systems, and ring currents
- 94.30.Lr Magnetic storms, substorms
- 94.30.Ms Magnetic pulsations
- 94.30.Ny Energetic particle precipitation
- 94.30.Tz Electromagnetic wave propagation
- 94.30.V- Magnetosphere interactions
- 94.30.Va Magnetosphere interactions
- 94.30.Xy Radiation belts
- 94.30.cb Inner magnetosphere
- 94.30.cf Outer magnetosphere
- 94.30.cg Magnetospheric cusp
- 94.30.ch Magnetopause
- 94.30.cj Magnetosheath
- 94.30.cl Magnetotail
- 94.30.cp Magnetic reconnection
- 94.30.cq MHD waves, plasma waves, and instabilities
- 94.30.cs Plasma motion; plasma convection
- 94.30.ct Plasma sheet
- 94.30.cv Plasmasphere
- 94.30.cx Polar cap phenomena
- 94.30.vb Magnetosphere/ionosphere interactions
- 94.30.vd Magnetosphere interactions with satellites and rings
- 94.30.vf Solar wind/magnetosphere interactions
- 94.30.vh Interactions with interplanetary space
- 94.80.+g Instrumentation for space plasma physics, ionosphere, and magnetosphere
- 94.90.+m Other topics in space plasma physics, physics of the ionosphere and magnetosphere
- 95.10.-a Fundamental astronomy
- 95.10.Ce Celestial mechanics
- 95.10.Eg Orbit determination and improvement
- 95.10.Fh Chaotic dynamics
- 95.10.Gi Eclipses, transits, and occultations
- 95.10.Jk Astrometry and reference systems
- 95.10.Km Ephemerides, almanacs, and calendars
- 95.30.-k Fundamental aspects of astrophysics
- 95.30.Cq Elementary particle processes
- 95.30.Dr Atomic processes and interactions
- 95.30.Ft Molecular and chemical processes and interactions
- 95.30.Gv Radiation mechanisms; polarization
- 95.30.Jx Radiative transfer; scattering
- 95.30.Ky Atomic and molecular data, spectra, and spectral parameters (opacities, rotation constants, line identification, oscillator strengths, gf values, transition probabilities, etc.)
- 95.30.Lz Hydrodynamics
- 95.30.Qd Magnetohydrodynamics and plasmas
- 95.30.Sf Relativity and gravitation
- 95.30.Tg Thermodynamic processes, conduction, convection, equations of state
- 95.30.Wi Dust processes (condensation, evaporation, sputtering, mantle growth, etc.)
- 95.35.+d Dark matter
- 95.36.+x Dark energy
- 95.40.+s Artificial Earth satellites
- 95.45.+i Observatories and site testing
- 95.55.-n Astronomical and space-research instrumentation
- 95.55.Aq Charge-coupled devices, image detectors, and IR detector arrays
- 95.55.Br Astrometric and interferometric instruments
- 95.55.Cs Ground-based ultraviolet, optical and infrared telescopes
- 95.55.Ev Solar instruments
- 95.55.Fw Space-based ultraviolet, optical, and infrared telescopes
- 95.55.Jz Radio telescopes and instrumentation; heterodyne receivers
- 95.55.Ka X- and γ-ray telescopes and instrumentation
- 95.55.Pe Lunar, planetary, and deep-space probes
- 95.55.Qf Photometric, polarimetric, and spectroscopic instrumentation
- 95.55.Rg Photoconductors and bolometers
- 95.55.Sh Auxiliary and recording instruments; clocks and frequency standards
- 95.55.Vj Neutrino, muon, pion, and other elementary particle detectors; cosmic ray detectors
- 95.55.Ym Gravitational radiation detectors; mass spectrometers; and other instrumentation and techniques
- 95.75.-z Observation and data reduction techniques; computer modeling and simulation
- 95.75.De Photography and photometry (including microlensing techniques)
- 95.75.Fg Spectroscopy and spectrophotometry
- 95.75.Hi Polarimetry
- 95.75.Kk Interferometry
- 95.75.Mn Image processing (including source extraction)
- 95.75.Pq Mathematical procedures and computer techniques
- 95.75.Qr Adaptive and segmented optics
- 95.75.Rs Remote observing techniques
- 95.75.Tv Digitization techniques
- 95.75.Wx Time series analysis, time variability
- 95.80.+p Astronomical catalogs, atlases, sky surveys, databases, retrieval systems, archives, etc.
- 95.85.-e Astronomical observations (additional primary heading(s) must be chosen with these entries to represent the astronomical objects and/or properties studied)
- 95.85.Bh Radio, microwave (>1 mm)
- 95.85.Fm Submillimeter (300 μm-1 mm)
- 95.85.Gn Far infrared (10-300 μm)
- 95.85.Hp Infrared (3-10 μm)
- 95.85.Jq Near infrared (0.75-3 μm)
- 95.85.Kr Visible (390-750 nm)
- 95.85.Ls Near ultraviolet (300-390 nm)
- 95.85.Mt Ultraviolet (10-300 nm)
- 95.85.Nv X-ray
- 95.85.Pw γ-ray
- 95.85.Ry Neutrino, muon, pion, and other elementary particles; cosmic rays
- 95.85.Sz Gravitational radiation, magnetic fields, and other observations
- 95.90.+v Historical astronomy and archaeoastronomy; and other topics in fundamental astronomy and astrophysics; instrumentation, techniques, and astronomical observations
- 96.10.+i General; solar nebula; cosmogony
- 96.12.-a Planetology of solid surface planets
- 96.12.Bc Origin and evolution
- 96.12.De Orbital and rotational dynamics
- 96.12.Fe Gravitational fields
- 96.12.Hg Magnetic field and magnetism
- 96.12.J- Atmospheres
- 96.12.Jt Atmospheres
- 96.12.K- Surfaces
- 96.12.Kz Surfaces
- 96.12.Ma Composition
- 96.12.Pc Interiors
- 96.12.Qr Polar regions
- 96.12.St Heat flow
- 96.12.Uv Rings and dust
- 96.12.Wx Interactions with particles and fields
- 96.12.Xy Tectonics, volcanism
- 96.12.ja Aurorae and airglow
- 96.12.jc Composition and chemistry
- 96.12.je Evolution
- 96.12.jg Structure and dynamics
- 96.12.ji Ionospheres
- 96.12.jk Magnetospheres
- 96.12.jm Meteorology
- 96.12.ka Hydrology and fluvial processes
- 96.12.kc Surface materials and properties
- 96.12.ke Impact phenomena, cratering
- 96.12.kg Erosion, weathering
- 96.12.ki Glaciation
- 96.15.-g Planetology of fluid planets
- 96.15.Bc Origin and evolution
- 96.15.De Orbital and rotational dynamics
- 96.15.Ef Gravitational fields
- 96.15.Gh Magnetic field and magnetism
- 96.15.H- Atmospheres
- 96.15.Hy Atmospheres
- 96.15.Kc Composition
- 96.15.Lb Surfaces
- 96.15.Nd Interiors
- 96.15.Pf Physical properties of materials
- 96.15.Qr Impact phenomena
- 96.15.St Tori and exospheres
- 96.15.Uv Rings and dust
- 96.15.Vx Interactions with particles and fields
- 96.15.Wx Tidal forces
- 96.15.Xy Polar regions
- 96.15.hb Aurorae
- 96.15.he Composition and chemistry
- 96.15.hg Evolution
- 96.15.hj Structure and dynamics
- 96.15.hk Ionospheres
- 96.15.hm Magnetospheres
- 96.15.hp Meteorology
- 96.20.-n Moon
- 96.20.Br Origin and evolution
- 96.20.Dt Features, landmarks, mineralogy, and petrology
- 96.20.Jz Gravitational field, selenodesy, and magnetic fields
- 96.20.Ka Impacts, cratering
- 96.25.-f Planetology of comets and small bodies
- 96.25.Bd Origin and evolution
- 96.25.De Orbital and rotational dynamics
- 96.25.F- Atmospheres
- 96.25.Fx Atmospheres
- 96.25.H- Composition
- 96.25.Hs Composition
- 96.25.J- Ionospheres
- 96.25.Jz Ionospheres
- 96.25.Ln Magnetic fields and magnetism
- 96.25.Nc Gravitational fields
- 96.25.Pq Impact phenomena
- 96.25.Qr Interactions with solar wind plasma and fields
- 96.25.St Plasma and MHD instabilities
- 96.25.Tg Radiation and spectra
- 96.25.Vt Satellites
- 96.25.Xz Volcanism
- 96.25.fa Aurorae, airglow and x-ray emission
- 96.25.fc Composition and chemistry
- 96.25.ff Evolution
- 96.25.fh Structure and dynamics
- 96.25.hc Dust, erosion, and weathering
- 96.25.hf Ice
- 96.25.hj Surfaces and interiors
- 96.25.hn Physical and chemical properties of materials
- 96.25.jf Composition and chemistry
- 96.25.jh Evolution
- 96.25.jk Structure and dynamics
- 96.30.-t Solar system objects
- 96.30.Bc Comparative planetology
- 96.30.C- Comets
- 96.30.Cw Comets
- 96.30.Dz Mercury
- 96.30.Ea Venus
- 96.30.Gc Mars
- 96.30.Hf Martian satellites
- 96.30.Iz Dwarf Planets
- 96.30.Ja Dwarf planet satellites
- 96.30.Kf Jupiter
- 96.30.L- Jovian satellites
- 96.30.Mh Saturn
- 96.30.N- Saturnian satellites
- 96.30.Pj Uranus
- 96.30.Qk Uranian satellites
- 96.30.Rm Neptune
- 96.30.Sn Pluto
- 96.30.Td Neptunian satellites
- 96.30.Up Plutonian satellites
- 96.30.V- Dust, extraterrestrial materials
- 96.30.Vb Dust, extraterrestrial materials
- 96.30.Wr Planetary rings
- 96.30.Xa Kuiper belt, trans-Neptunian objects
- 96.30.Ys Asteroids, meteoroids
- 96.30.Za Meteors, meteorites and tektites
- 96.30.cb Dust tails and trails
- 96.30.cd Interiors
- 96.30.lb Io
- 96.30.ld Europa
- 96.30.lf Ganymede
- 96.30.lh Callisto
- 96.30.nd Titan
- 96.30.vx Interplanetary material
- 96.30.vy Interstellar material
- 96.35.-j Planetary, asteroid, cometary, and satellite characteristics and properties
- 96.35.Cp Origin, formation, evolution, and ages
- 96.35.Er Chemical composition
- 96.35.Fs Mass, size; gravitational fields; rotation; orbits
- 96.35.Gt Surface features, cratering, and topography
- 96.35.Hv Neutral atmospheres
- 96.35.Kx Ionospheres; magnetospheres
- 96.35.Mz Interiors
- 96.35.Na Volcanism and tectonics
- 96.35.Pb Electric and magnetic fields
- 96.35.Se Interplanetary comparisons
- 96.40.-z Cosmic rays
- 96.40.Cd Interplanetary propagation and effects
- 96.40.De Composition, energy spectra, and interactions
- 96.40.Fg Energetic solar particles and photons
- 96.40.Kk Solar modulation and geophysical effects
- 96.40.Pq Extensive air showers
- 96.40.Tv Neutrinos and muons
- 96.40.Vw Cosmic-ray effects in meteorites and terrestrial matter
- 96.50.-e Interplanetary physics
- 96.50.Bh Interplanetary magnetic fields
- 96.50.Ci Solar wind plasma; sources of solar wind
- 96.50.Dj Interplanetary dust and gas
- 96.50.Ek Heliopause and solar wind termination
- 96.50.Fm Planetary bow shocks; interplanetary shocks
- 96.50.Gn Comets
- 96.50.Hp Oort cloud
- 96.50.Jq Kuiper belt
- 96.50.Kr Meteors, meteoroids, and meteor streams
- 96.50.Mt Meteorites, micrometeorites, and tektites
- 96.50.Pw Particle acceleration
- 96.50.Qx Corotating streams
- 96.50.Ry Discontinuities
- 96.50.S- Cosmic rays
- 96.50.Tf MHD waves; plasma waves, turbulence
- 96.50.Uv Ejecta, driver gases, and magnetic clouds
- 96.50.Vg Energetic particles
- 96.50.Wx Solar cycle variations
- 96.50.Xy Heliosphere/interstellar medium interactions
- 96.50.Ya Pickup ions
- 96.50.Zc Neutral particles
- 96.50.sb Composition, energy spectra and interactions
- 96.50.sd Extensive air showers
- 96.50.sf Interactions with terrestrial matter
- 96.50.sh Interplanetary propagation and effects
- 96.55.+z Astrobiology and astrochemistry of the Solar system and interplanetary space
- 96.60.-j Solar physics
- 96.60.Bn Diameter, rotation, and mass
- 96.60.Fs Composition
- 96.60.Hv Electric and magnetic fields, solar magnetism
- 96.60.Iv Magnetic reconnection
- 96.60.Jw Solar interior
- 96.60.Ly Helioseismology, pulsations, and shock waves
- 96.60.Mz Photosphere
- 96.60.Na Chromosphere
- 96.60.P- Corona
- 96.60.Pb Corona; coronal loops, streamers, and holes
- 96.60.Q- Solar activity
- 96.60.Qc Sunspots, faculae, plages
- 96.60.Rd Flares, bursts, and related phenomena
- 96.60.Se Prominences
- 96.60.T- Solar electromagnetic emission
- 96.60.Tf Solar electromagnetic emission
- 96.60.Ub Solar irradiance
- 96.60.Vg Particle emission, solar wind
- 96.60.Wh Coronal mass ejection
- 96.60.Xy Transition region
- 96.60.pc Coronal holes
- 96.60.pf Coronal loops, streamers
- 96.60.ph Coronal mass ejection
- 96.60.qd Sun spots, solar cycles
- 96.60.qe Flares
- 96.60.qf Prominence eruptions
- 96.60.tg Radio emission
- 96.60.th Visible emission
- 96.60.tj Ultraviolet emission
- 96.60.tk X-ray and gamma-ray emission
- 96.90.+c Other topics on the Solar system and planetology
- 97.10.-q Stellar characteristics and properties
- 97.10.Bt Star formation
- 97.10.Cv Stellar structure, interiors, evolution, nucleosynthesis, ages
- 97.10.Ex Stellar atmospheres (photospheres, chromospheres, coronae, magnetospheres); radiative transfer; opacity and line formation
- 97.10.Fy Circumstellar shells, clouds, and expanding envelopes; circumstellar masers
- 97.10.Gz Accretion and accretion disks
- 97.10.Jb Stellar activity
- 97.10.Kc Stellar rotation
- 97.10.Ld Magnetic and electric fields; polarization of starlight
- 97.10.Me Mass loss and stellar winds
- 97.10.Nf Masses
- 97.10.Pg Radii
- 97.10.Qh Surface features (including starspots)
- 97.10.Ri Luminosities; magnitudes; effective temperatures, colors, and spectral classification
- 97.10.Sj Pulsations, oscillations, and stellar seismology
- 97.10.Tk Abundances, chemical composition
- 97.10.Vm Distances, parallaxes
- 97.10.Wn Proper motions and radial velocities
- 97.10.Xq Luminosity and mass functions
- 97.10.Yp Star counts, distribution, and statistics
- 97.10.Zr Hertzsprung-Russell, color-magnitude, and color-color diagrams
- 97.20.-w Normal stars (by class): general or individual
- 97.20.Ec Main-sequence: early-type stars (O and B)
- 97.20.Ge Main-sequence: intermediate-type stars (A and F)
- 97.20.Jg Main-sequence: late-type stars (G, K, and M)
- 97.20.Li Giant and subgiant stars
- 97.20.Pm Supergiant stars
- 97.20.Rp Faint blue stars
- 97.20.Tr Population II stars (horizontal branch, metal poor, etc.)
- 97.20.Vs Low luminosity stars, subdwarfs, and brown dwarfs
- 97.20.Wt Population III stars
- 97.21.+a Pre-main sequence objects, young stellar objects
- 97.30.-b Variable and peculiar stars (including novae)
- 97.30.Dg Low-amplitude blue variables (alpha Cygni, beta Cephei, delta Scuti, delta Delphini, delta Canis Majoris, SX Phoenicius, etc.)
- 97.30.Eh Emission-line stars (Of, Be, Luminous Blue Variables, Wolf-Rayet, etc.)
- 97.30.Fi Chemically peculiar stars (Ap, Am, etc.)
- 97.30.Gj Cepheids (delta Cephei, W Virginis)
- 97.30.Hk Carbon stars, S stars, and related types (C, S, R, and N)
- 97.30.Jm Long-period variables (Miras) and semiregulars
- 97.30.Kn RR Lyrae stars; RV Tauri and PV Telescopii variables
- 97.30.Nr Flare stars (UV Ceti, RS Canum Venaticorum, FU Orionis, R Coronae Borealis variables, etc.)
- 97.30.Qt Novae, dwarf novae, recurrent novae, and other cataclysmic
- 97.30.Sw Unusual and peculiar variables
- 97.60.-s Late stages of stellar evolution (including black holes)
- 97.60.Bw Supernovae
- 97.60.Gb Pulsars
- 97.60.Jd Neutron stars
- 97.60.Lf Black holes
- 97.80.-d Binary and multiple stars
- 97.80.Af Astrometric and interferometric binaries
- 97.80.Di Visual binaries
- 97.80.Fk Spectroscopic binaries; close binaries
- 97.80.Gm Cataclysmic binaries
- 97.80.Hn Eclipsing binaries
- 97.80.Jp X-ray binaries
- 97.80.Kq Multiple stars
- 97.82.-j Extrasolar planetary systems
- 97.82.Cp Photometric and spectroscopic detection; coronographic detection; interferometric detection
- 97.82.Fs Substellar companions; planets
- 97.82.Jw Infrared excess; debris disks; protoplanetary disks; exo-zodiacal dust
- 97.90.+j Other topics on stars
- 98.10.+z Stellar dynamics and kinematics
- 98.20.-d Stellar clusters and associations
- 98.20.Af Associations of stars (OB, T, R) in the Milky Way
- 98.20.Bg Associations of stars (OB, T, R) in external galaxies
- 98.20.Di Open clusters in the Milky Way
- 98.20.Fk Open clusters in external galaxies
- 98.20.Gm Globular clusters in the Milky Way
- 98.20.Jp Globular clusters in external galaxies
- 98.35.-a Characteristics and properties of the Milky Way galaxy
- 98.35.Ac Origin, formation, evolution, age, and star formation
- 98.35.Bd Chemical composition and chemical evolution
- 98.35.Ce Mass and mass distribution
- 98.35.Df Kinematics, dynamics, and rotation
- 98.35.Eg Electric and magnetic fields
- 98.35.Gi Galactic halo
- 98.35.Hj Spiral arms and galactic disk
- 98.35.Jk Galactic center, bar, circumnuclear matter, and bulge (including black hole and distance measurements)
- 98.35.Ln Stellar content and populations; morphology and overall structure
- 98.35.Mp Infall and accretion
- 98.35.Nq Galactic winds and fountains
- 98.35.Pr Solar neighborhood
- 98.38.-j Interstellar medium (ISM) and nebulae in Milky Way
- 98.38.Am Physical properties (abundances, electron density, magnetic fields, scintillation, scattering, kinematics, dynamics, turbulence, etc.)
- 98.38.Bn Atomic, molecular, chemical, and grain processes
- 98.38.Cp Interstellar dust grains; diffuse emission; infrared cirrus
- 98.38.Dq Molecular clouds, H2 clouds, dense clouds, and dark clouds
- 98.38.Er Interstellar masers
- 98.38.Fs Jets, outflows, and bipolar flows
- 98.38.Gt H I regions and 21-cm lines; diffuse, translucent, and high-velocity clouds
- 98.38.Hv H II regions; emission and reflection nebulae
- 98.38.Jw Infrared emission
- 98.38.Kx Intercloud medium (ICM); hot and highly ionized gas; bubbles
- 98.38.Ly Planetary nebulae
- 98.38.Mz Supernova remnants
- 98.52.-b Normal galaxies; extragalactic objects and systems (by type)
- 98.52.Cf Classification and classification systems
- 98.52.Eh Elliptical galaxies
- 98.52.Lp Lenticular (S0) galaxies
- 98.52.Nr Spiral galaxies
- 98.52.Sw Irregular and morphologically peculiar galaxies
- 98.52.Wz Dwarf galaxies (elliptical, irregular, and spheroidal)
- 98.54.-h Quasars; active or peculiar galaxies, objects, and systems
- 98.54.Aj Quasars
- 98.54.Cm Active and peculiar galaxies and related systems (including BL Lacertae objects, blazars, Seyfert galaxies, Markarian galaxies, and active galactic nuclei)
- 98.54.Ep Starburst galaxies and infrared excess galaxies
- 98.54.Gr Radio galaxies
- 98.54.Kt Protogalaxies; primordial galaxies
- 98.56.-p Local group; Magellanic Clouds
- 98.56.Ew Elliptical galaxies
- 98.56.Ne Spiral galaxies (M31 and M33)
- 98.56.Si Magellanic Clouds and other irregular galaxies
- 98.56.Tj Magellanic stream
- 98.56.Wm Dwarf galaxies (elliptical, irregular, and spheroidal)
- 98.58.-w Interstellar medium (ISM) and nebulae in external galaxies
- 98.58.Ay Physical properties (abundances, electron density, magnetic fields, scintillation, scattering, kinematics, dynamics, turbulence, etc.)
- 98.58.Bz Atomic, molecular, chemical, and grain processes
- 98.58.Ca Interstellar dust grains; diffuse emission; infrared cirrus
- 98.58.Db Molecular clouds, H2 clouds, dense clouds, and dark clouds
- 98.58.Ec Interstellar masers
- 98.58.Fd Jets, outflows and bipolar flows
- 98.58.Ge H I regions and 21-cm lines; diffuse, translucent, and high-velocity clouds
- 98.58.Hf H II regions; emission and reflection nebulae
- 98.58.Jg Infrared emission
- 98.58.Kh Intercloud medium (ICM); hot and highly ionized gas; bubbles
- 98.58.Li Planetary nebulae
- 98.58.Mj Supernova remnants
- 98.58.Nk Tidal tails; H I shells
- 98.62.-g Characteristics and properties of external galaxies and extragalactic objects
- 98.62.Ai Origin, formation, evolution, age, and star formation
- 98.62.Bj Chemical composition and chemical evolution
- 98.62.Ck Masses and mass distribution
- 98.62.Dm Kinematics, dynamics, and rotation
- 98.62.En Electric and magnetic fields
- 98.62.Gq Galactic halos
- 98.62.Hr Spiral arms and bars; galactic disks
- 98.62.Js Galactic nuclei (including black holes), circumnuclear matter, and bulges
- 98.62.Lv Stellar content and populations; radii; morphology and overall structure
- 98.62.Mw Infall, accretion, and accretion disks
- 98.62.Nx Jets and bursts; galactic winds and fountains
- 98.62.Py Distances, redshifts, radial velocities; spatial distribution of galaxies
- 98.62.Qz Magnitudes and colors; luminosities
- 98.62.Ra Intergalactic matter; quasar absorption and emission-line systems; Lyman forest
- 98.62.Sb Gravitational lenses and luminous arcs
- 98.62.Tc Astrometry; identification
- 98.62.Ve Statistical and correlative studies of properties (luminosity and mass functions; mass-to-light ratio; Tully-Fisher relation, etc.)
- 98.65.-r Galaxy groups, clusters, and superclusters; large scale structure of the Universe
- 98.65.At Interacting galaxies; galaxy pairs, and triples
- 98.65.Bv Small and compact galaxy groups
- 98.65.Cw Galaxy clusters
- 98.65.Dx Superclusters; large-scale structure of the Universe (including voids, pancakes, great wall, etc.)
- 98.65.Fz Galaxy mergers, collisions, and tidal interactions
- 98.65.Hb Intracluster matter; cooling flows
- 98.70.-f Unidentified sources of radiation outside the Solar System
- 98.70.Dk Radio sources
- 98.70.Lt IR sources
- 98.70.Qy X-ray sources; X-ray bursts
- 98.70.Rz γ-ray sources; γ-ray bursts
- 98.70.Sa Cosmic rays
- 98.70.Vc Background radiations
- 98.80.-k Cosmology
- 98.80.Bp Origin and formation of the Universe
- 98.80.Cq Particle-theory and field-theory models of the early Universe (including cosmic pancakes, cosmic strings, chaotic phenomena, inflationary universe, etc.)
- 98.80.Es Observational cosmology (including Hubble constant, distance scale, cosmological constant, early Universe, etc)
- 98.80.Ft Origin, formation, and abundances of the elements
- 98.80.Jk Mathematical and relativistic aspects of cosmology
- 98.80.Qc Quantum cosmology
- 98.90.+s Other topics on stellar systems; interstellar medium; galactic and extragalactic objects and systems; the Universe
- 99.10.-x Errata and other corrections
- 99.10.Cd Errata
- 99.10.Fg Publisher’s note
- 99.10.Jk Corrected article
- 99.10.Ln Retraction
- 99.10.Np Editorial note
- 99.10.Qr Addenda